Reasons for Devotion to Hindu Goddesses

Reasons for devotion to Hindu goddesses Hinduism portrays feminine divinity in a more exalted way than most other religions do. Though Hindu goddesses are usually depicted as consorts, wives or companions to a Hindu god, cases exist in which they are worshipped independently; Tantrism for example, where it is believed that women posses more spiritual power than men, thus men can achieve divinity through union with a woman (â€Å"Tantrism†).Most villages reinforce the mother aspect of goddesses and worship them individually as their protector, regarding them as having originated in the area and thus being tied to the health and prosperity of the village (Caldwell). Others who may devote themselves to a goddess might be in order to conquer or flourish in a particular area, like how someone who wishes to achieve higher wisdom would praise Sarasvati, goddess associated with learning. Many scholars question the origins of goddess worship, and it is argued that they most probably em erged in the Indus Valley civilization (2500-1500 B. C.E). The civilization, relying mainly on agriculture, likely worshipped female earth deities that represented fertility, regeneration, life and death, to aid in their harvests (Erndl 19). Scenes depicted in their seals also pointed to the fact that the Indus Valley people were perhaps â€Å"goddess-revering† (McDermott 3608). Some people have raised the point of feminism as a notion of commitment to a Hindu goddess, as goddesses that appear strong and independent exist in Hinduism, which is virtually unseen in other prominent religions. A popular question is then raised, â€Å"Is the Goddess a Feminist? Rita Gross acknowledges the difficulty of a concrete answer to the question, and responds with an ‘It depends’. She proposes that the answer lies in the definition of feminist that the person might have, and how the Goddess’s devotees are. The idea is simple enough; if the believer is feminist, then the y will worship their goddess as if they were feminist as well. If the believer is not feminist, then they will worship their goddess as if they were not feminist. She states that â€Å". . . gods and goddesses are created by devotees . . . † (104).Gross’s statement rings true, especially when we examine much of the confusion shrouding Kali. Kali is almost always depicted as having black skin, a near naked body, long, disheveled hair and a long, lolling tongue. She wears ghastly adornments like a necklace made from human heads, and her fangs are long and usually dripping with blood. Her illustrations are mainly intimidating, making her appear wild and uncontrollable nearly perpetually. She is, however, a popular deity to worship in Tantrism, and is revered as the highest deity, above Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.Millions regard her as Mother, and aspire to overcome the fear of death through confrontation. Kali’s origins are believed to have their roots in South Asia, where she was apparently worshipped through rituals and blood sacrifices. O’Flaherty distinguishes a figure, a demoness, in early Sanskrit literature called Long-Tongue, who he points to conceivably being a more ancient form of Kali. The first time the name Kali appears in texts is in Mundaka Upanisad, however, not as a goddess but as a tonguelike flame of sacrificial fire.The first mention of a goddess with the same name is in the Mahabharata, who appears in the dreams of warriors to give them a warning of death. However, it is through her later appearances in the Devimahatmya that Kali is brought closer into Hindu religion (Kripal 156). She is said to have sprouted when Durga, angered by the asuras who pointed their weapons at her, turned into an inky black color on her forehead and summons Kali. Kali then proceeds to kill all the asuras in a frenzied manner, later offering the heads of their leaders Chanda and Munda to Durga.Her second appearance is in the follow chapter, where she battles Raktabija, and assures success by sucking all of his blood so he could not reproduce anymore, per Durga’s command, while she slayed him (â€Å"Devimahatmya† ch. 7-8). Another myth ties Kali with Parvati, telling of an army of demons that threatens the safety of the world. Men cannot slay them, and so Shiva calls for his wife to aid them in battle. Parvati accepts the responsibility, swallowing the poison stored in Shiva’s throat and morphing into Kali.However, she becomes too drunk with the poison and, after defeating all the demons, threatens to destroy the world herself with her berserk dance. In an attempt to subdue his wife, Shiva then lays on the floor in front of Kali, who in her delirious state does not notice his presence and steps on him. Shamed that she had showed such disgraceful behavior, she bites her tongue in humiliation. The last scene of the above tale is illustrated in a lot of imagery, and while the tale itself has a lot of variations, many Hindus will arrive at the same resolution.It is in this perception that many contradictions lie. Another question rises, â€Å"What does Kali’s tongue-biting really mean? † Most Hindus will claim that it is to show shame, which is what the action means in Bengali culture, however the meaning behind the action might seem unlikely since Kali, who was previously interpreted as always being wild and threatening, that is, sporting qualities that an ‘ideal wife’ should not posses, was suddenly showing a submissive nature, ashamed of having disrespected her husband.From a Tantric view, Kali is mentioned to be standing on Shiva because she is engaging in reversed sexual intercourse with him, and â€Å"delighting in the waves of passion and arousal that flow from such an act. † It is evident that the feeling shame is rather unreasonable given the situation mentioned. Furthermore, a reading from Mishra of the Tantric reading suggests that, as Kali dances around madly, Shiva sleeps on the floor in front of her in an attempt to calm her and, In her blinded anger she did not see him and stepped on his chest.At that moment Siva’s penis became erect and entered Kali. At that instant Kali recognized her husband and pulled out her tongue in ecstasy and her anger disappeared. (Kripal 161) The above poses a wholly different view on the widely-known myth, and while it might not surely accept or reject any view, it inspires doubt on the real occurrence of the tale. Having explained the confusion around Kali’s popular myth and notorious tongue, a common misconception is brought to light which may or may not be the product of ‘believers believing what they want to believe’.Hinduism, having being shaped by a patriarchal society, might have sparked the want to dilute the image of the powerful and popular goddess Kali into one more acceptable for its community. An additional myth, telling of how Shiva defeats Kali in a dance match and succeeds in subduing her, resulting in her being more docile and calmer, doesn’t add up to the rest of the story around them as Kali is more often than not depicted as a wife that constantly provokes and encourages disruptive behavior from her husband (Kinsley 122).However, bringing up another point by Gross, she mentions, But, in the long run, if the goddesses’ devotees are feminists, then the goddesses will either come to be seen as feminists or will be abandoned by their feminist devotees. (104) It is plausible to arrive to the conclusion from the above stated that, if the religion a person follows does not satisfy or reflect their personal beliefs as well, they will abandon it; it is common sense.It should be mentioned as well that Hinduism is, rather than a single religion, a family of religions that are closely related to each other. Therefore, it should be plausible to assume that perhaps, the previously mentioned contradictory myths m ight be a result of this; that is, an effort to try to infuse one’s own beliefs into their religion to make it more acceptable to themselves. Looking and inspecting the gaps and problems in the religion can tell a lot about its believers’ culture and thinking.Having covered Kali’s disorder of facts, one can infer that Hindus probably place great importance in correct conduct of their wives, and the goddesses in their religion serve as a model for Hindu women to follow if they wish to be wed. Examples such as Parvati and Sarasvati can be mentioned, both portrayed as ideal, submissive wives to their partners, serving as counterbalances. Hindu gods and goddesses are sometimes portrayed as equals, and rather than husband and wife, they are shown to be male and female counterparts of the same being.The goddesses are by no means weak and disrespected; they are strong and revered, but their personalities inspire different, subtle ideas into their people. However, the i dea of whether or not something is ‘correct’ or ‘erroneous’ is highly subjective, and while Western feminists might argue on the essentials that a woman must possess in order to be well off, it is not the same for Hindu women who are the target of the religion, and for them the Hindu goddesses provide them a positive model to follow, and with it, psychological comfort which is important (Gross 106).

What Were the Short-Term Significances

What were the short-term significances of the Crimean War of 1854-1856 in terms of foreign policy? The Crimean War was a momentous event in the amendment of foreign policy. Several short-term significances stemmed from the war shaping Britain’s global position, alongside initiating a new aggressive policy led by Palmerston[1] and creating the ‘world power’ ideology. Faults in the military mismanagement, and the failure of Aberdeen’s government led to the realization of the need for reform.Depicted as having caused the army to â€Å"change more in those two years than in the previous two hundred,†[2] it is clear that the Crimea influenced a series of short-term significances in the successive twenty years. The change from Aberdeen’s[3] diplomatic government to Palmerston’s aggressive ministry resulted from growing patriotism in the Crimea. Aberdeen’s cautious attitude towards war was highlighting and became increasingly unpopular as it â€Å"lacked Palmerston’s ‘manly vigour†. [4] Aberdeen distaste for war was emphasised when he wrote to Peel[5] â€Å"war in order to preserve peace is entirely inapplicable to†¦ the Great Powers†. 6] His involvement in the Napoleonic Wars[7] influenced this attitude as he was less naive to war conditions than others. Sourced from a letter between Aberdeen and Peel, he was defending his anti-war stance. His belief that peace was not achieved in this way was supported by the Congress System which had held peace without war for 30years. Peel’s attitude differed, believing in â€Å"Bellum para, pacem habebis†, [8] – that peace was obtained through war preparation. Peel compared how equipped France[9] was making Aberdeen seem unprepared.Moreover, Aberdeen was blamed for issues raised in Russell’s[10] war reports such as the military mismanagement and unsanitary conditions[11]. This negative publicity influenced John Roebu ck[12] to enquire into the management of war. Public opinion contrasted Aberdeen’s approach which John Lowe described as a â€Å"conciliatory disposition to the point of whimpishness. †[13] Instead, they supported Palmerston’s â€Å"zealous defence of British interests. † Palmerston, unlike Aberdeen did not have the support Queen Victoria[14], and therefore gained support through co-operation with the public.Stuart confirmed his popularity saying, â€Å"Wherever I go†¦ one opinion has been pronounced in a single word –Palmerston. †[15] Said in the throes of war, it was a current, credible description and being a politician, Stuart was able to gauge public opinion on Palmerston so was competent to make judgements. However reliability is affected as Stuart was likely to show support towards the popular government at that time, in this case, Palmerston. The Crimean had highlighted flaws in Aberdeen’s hesitant diplomacy and brought t he significance of a new confrontational approach.Under Palmerston’s governance, Britain was presented with a stronger image than it ever had been under Aberdeen. ‘Gunboat diplomacy’[16] allowed him to create the illusion that Britain was the world power. Evidence of his aggressive ‘gunboat diplomacy’ was the Indian Mutiny [17] in which he forcefully suppressed mutinies to insure British power was not threatened. Palmerston’s illusion was further supported when the diplomatic situation in Europe was shaken by the collapse of the Congress of Vienna;[18] a consequence of the Crimean war.For British foreign policy, this was vastly significant because the suppression of Russian influence[19] in the region due to the Treaty of Paris[20] allowed Britain to temporarily become the dominant power on the continent, projecting their power and reinforcing Palmerston’s illusion. Media became a new phenomenon in the Crimea and Russell’s report ing effectively caused many alterations to foreign policy. As the first on-the-spot reporter, he exposed the true conditions of war to a naive country[21].Although, many aspects of foreign policy were in need of much change, the war reporting brought them to light, pushing them to happen quicker. A sketch from the unique perception of ‘Punch magazine’ highlights the lack of supplies the British military faced. Dialogue between two soldiers says; â€Å"Well Jack! Good news from home, we’re to have a medal†, â€Å"That’s very kind. Maybe one of these days we’ll have a coat to stick it on†. [22] Being a national magazine, Punch wanted to capture the attention of readers and does so by sarcastically highlighting the problems in the Crimea.The fact that it calls the soldiers, â€Å"patient heroes† suggests they are not placing blame on military officers for the lack of supplies but they are rather mocking the Government instead. The limitation however is that the motive was to sell as many copies of ‘Punch’ as possible, therefore dramatisation on elements occurred. The Times Newspaper exploited the poor conditions in order to shock the public gaining publicity. Russell reported, â€Å"there is not the least attention paid to decency or cleanliness. [23] On one hand, Russell had a first-hand account of the war and gained excess to information that was unavailable to others and written at the time of war it viable and current. But there is debate as to how truthful these reports were. Prince Albert, who took an interest in foreign policy, said that â€Å"the pen and ink of one miserable scribbler is despoiling the country. † Proof of this ‘despoil’ was the collapse of Aberdeen’s government who were exposed as weak through the media. By reporting such in-depth details about the military, Russell took the risk of revealing information about the military that could be useful to the enemy.Russell’s agenda was to sell newspapers and make himself as well-known as possible, and reporting the negative conditions of war was much more likely to cause a public uproar that any positive news, therefore it is not unlikely that he emphasised his reports in order to gain more publicity. The high impact of war reporting is discussed by Chamberlain; â€Å"there was no censorship (no country made this mistake in any future),†[24] thus proving the high impact and influence the media had back home and in the government. The role of women had huge significances in the Crimea, socially, medically and in foreign policy.Florence Nightingale[25] imprinted her name throughout history through her determination to reform the British military health-care. When Nightingale along with 38 other nurses[26] arrived at Scutari [27] they were met by â€Å"patients grimed with dirt, [and] infested with vermin. †[28] The account of her personal experience validates th e atrocious conditions. However, written towards the end of war Nightingale may have over-emphasised the severity of these conditions so that people saw her as the saviour and driving force behind the improvements.Nightingale made a considerable difference to the military conditions, producing ‘Coxcombes’[29] as a way of displaying her improvements. Statistically they showed that in the first 4 months of fighting 1,619 soldiers died of wounds against 16,273 whom died of disease, but under her service, the death rate reduced from 42% to 2%. Her work at Scutari became highly recognised and medical reports from the time described it as â€Å"extremely valuable. † [30] However, there is a limit as to how truthful her coxcombs were as it has been suggested that she dramatised the improvements in order to promote herself.Being a female of the Victoria era meant that people thought she would not be capable of making a significant difference in war as it was not the job of a woman. Therefore Nightingale would have felt the need to put emphasis on her work to get noticed. Part of the reason in which Nightingale became so well-known was due to her connection with war correspondent – Russell. The two worked together to benefit their own agendas; Nightingale gained publicity for her work and Russell benefitted from selling Nightingale’s stories in newspapers across the country.Mary Seacole was another influential woman of the Crimea, who perhaps had a more modest agenda. Seacole stepped forward determined to offer her services after Russell made his passionate plea [31] asking for â€Å"devoted women†¦ willing to go forth to minister to the sick and suffering soldiers of the East in the hospitals of Scutari? † Yet Nightingale refused to work alongside Seacole due to her ethnicity, as her â€Å"blood flowed beneath a somewhat duskier skin than theirs. [32] Taken from Seacole’s biography published the year after the Crim ea, it showed the bitterness towards Nightingale and was written to illustrate to people the prejudice she faced. Seacole funded her own trip to the Crimea, setting up a shop on the front line to cover the expenses. [33] Iveson argued that Seacole played a more significant role in the Crimea than Nightingale; â€Å"In many ways she stands head and shoulders above Nightingale, for whereas Florence performed only an administrative role, Seacole was in the thick of things and did not hesitate to go to the battlefield itself. [34] This weighs up the work of both nurses and concludes that Seacole was in fact the more important of the two, despite Nightingale being more recognised. He praises her self-funding and determination to put herself on the battlefield. Overall, both Seacole’s and Nightingale’s role in the Crimea resulted in significant improvements to the nursing profession, which from that point on began to gain respect and importance. In terms of foreign policy, it brought a new era of nursing into the military. More medical care was developed including the first hospital train.It was realised that strong medical supply corps would result in a stronger, more effective army so British foreign policy learned from this mistake in future events. Military reforms also developed as a significance of the Crimea. Army organisation had become outdated and remained much the same since the Napoleonic wars. Soldiers were untrained and inexperienced. The incompetence of the military was highlighted at its peak in the ‘Charge of the Light Brigade’. [35] Lucan[36] said they were given the command, â€Å"there is your enemy and there are your guns,† showing there was little preparation or strategic plans.However, Lucan said this in the House of Lords whilst he was defending himself in the enquiry and therefore the reliability of his statement must be questioned. He may have exaggerated the command in order to take blame off of himself. Nevertheless, the chaos of the event was reinforced by Lord Cardigan who described the true extent of the chaos; â€Å"we were encircled by a blaze of fire†¦artillery poured upon our rear, so that we had a strong fire upon our front, our flank, and our rear. †[37] The Charge of Light Brigade showed the extent at which the army had become outdated and the desperate need for reform.The Cardwell reforms[38] were influenced as a result of the Crimea. This was significant because thanks to both the military and medical reforms it created a stronger British army. Overall, the Crimea War was of huge significance on British foreign policy, mainly due to the creation of an attitude of a ‘world power’ and a policy of isolation. The role of the media played the most significant role by highlighting flaws in all aspects of foreign policy and creating a sense of patriotism within the public who then pushed for changes.By highlighting Aberdeen’s diplomatic policy a nd anti-war attitude, the media brought the collapse of his government. This led to the most significant change – the appointment of Palmerston, who brought the new aggressive ‘gunboat diplomacy’. This changed British mind-set by making Britain seem more dominant on the continent. Additional turning points added to the feeling of a ‘world power’. Without the media, the nation would not have been made aware of the problematic military system and poor medical supply.This exposure therefore awakened military reforms and the realisation of the need for a strong medical supply corps. This then subsequently allowed Britain a stronger army giving them a greater control and standing in the European diplomatic situation. In conclusion, the media explosion was the main significance of the Crimea War and helped secure Britain’s superior position in Europe. Word Count 1920 ———————– Word count 431 [1] Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, British prime minister between 1855-1858 and 1859-1865. [2] See appendix 1 3] George Hamilton-Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen, Prime Minister 1852-1855. He favored a foreign policy of diplomacy. [4] Quote from historian John Lowe ‘Britain and Foreign Affairs 1815-1885’ [5] Sir Robert Peel, British Prime Minister 1841-1846. [6] See Appendix 2 [7] Napoleonic wars – 1799 – 1815 [8] The belief that you must prepare for war to maintain peace. See Appendix 13 [9] France had spent 20 million on fortifying Paris ad introduced 350,000 troops. [10] William Howard Russell – the war correspondent for The Times newspaper during the Crimea. 11] Extreme conditions of war were revealed to the public for the first time during the Crimea. Since Aberdeen was Prime Minister at the time he was associated with these poor conditions. [12] John Roebeck was an MP – In Jan 1855 he enquired into situation in Crimea resulting in res ignation of Aberdeen. It gained 305 votes in favour against only 148 votes in opposition. Aberdeen saw this as a vote of no confidence [13] See appendix 3 [14] Queen Victoria supported Aberdeen. She asked numerous other politicians to take Aberdeen’s place after his resignation before she finally succumbed to Palmerston. 15] See Appendix 4 Word Count 980 [16] Palmerston had the policy of ‘gunboat diplomacy’ in which he dealt with foreign affairs in an aggressive and confrontational manner. [17] Indian mutiny of 1857 [18] The Congress of Vienna in 1815 between Britain, Russia, Austria Prussia and later France, had maintained peace for nearly 30 years. [19] The suppression of Russian power and influence happened after they lost in the war. Significant because the balance of power had previously been tipped in Russia’s favour. 20] The Treaty of Paris, signed on March 30th 1856, largely stopped Russia’s influence in the region as the Black Sea was made neutral territory. Russia also lost some of the territory it had held in the west and it’ influence in the Ottoman Empire. [21] Thanks to improving communications, Russell’s reports could be published across the whole country quicker than before. The use of telegram got information to Britain within 3 weeks. (with newly built railways and mechanized steam pressers for printing). [22] See appendix 5 [23] See appendix 6 24] See appendix 7 [25] A nurse who came to be well known due to her work in the Crimean War. [26] Arrived 4th November 1854 Word Count 1614 [27] Scutari – a hospital in Turkey in which Nightingale nursed British soldiers. [28] Nightingale wrote this on April 17th 1856. [29] Coxcombs were like pie charts. See appendix 8 [30] See appendix 9 [31] See Appendix 10 – His passionate plea to get women to help [32] Quote from Mary Seacole. See appendix 11 [33] Seacole set up a shop on the front line to sell food and cigarettes to soldiers.The money she gained from the shop she then spent on medical treatment for the soldiers. [34] See appendix 12 [35] At the Battle of Balaclava October 1854. Huge miscommunication between Lord Raglan and the soldiers which resulted in chaos. [36] Lucan, Lieutenant General, involved in the Charge of the Light Brigade. [37] Speech from Lord Cardigan later at the Mansion House in London See appendix 13 [38] Cardwell reforms: Edward Cardwell – Secutary of State for War – introduced reforms to improve army.

Managing Virtual Teams

Managing Virtual Teams 1. Introduction Virtual teams have emerged to mitigate the challenges of managing teams that are distributed across different regions, and are a sustainable component of global business. A project manager managing a virtual team would have to integrate communication strategies, project management techniques including human and social processes in order to support the team, (Kimball, 1997). The author is a project manager assigned to lead a virtual team of 300 volunteers located across the globe to develop recommendations for regulating carbon emissions in the world.As indicated Kimball (1997), this kind of a virtual team usually supports people working in the same professional field and most of the time focuses on learning. 2. The best way to structure this large virtual team The project would be divided into tasks and responsibilities. The team would be divided into sub-teams basing/depending on the regions where the individuals come from, and let these sub-te ams work in isolation to deliver their completed task of the project within the stipulated time frame.It is very important that the tasks and responsibilities are evenly distributed between the sub-teams to create the feeling of fairness among team members, (Edwards & Wilson, 2004). Sub-team leaders can hold a face-to-face meeting in the same location with the author at the start and at the end of the project. 3. Important issues that the author foresee in managing this team a) Different time for interaction Communication across time zones as indicated in OB Week2 Lecture Notes (2013) would be a worrying issue because there might be a difference of 10-12 hours between working days of regions where team members are based.In situations where the author request for urgent response on a particular issue, the information may be sent to the location at a non working time hence causing delay. To solve this problem, the author would adopt a ‘24-hour working’ as outlined in Defe ncom case study, (Edwards & Wilson, 2004) so that individual sub-teams can work on the recommendations during their working day. This would minimize the crossing of time zones and the process can increase team effectiveness.The author, as a project manager can establish a common time to interact face-to-face through video conferencing. b) Different cultural and language issues Working with 300 individuals from across the globe requires a project manager to be aware of different cultural and language issues. These individuals would have different ways of working, thinking and also reporting differently. Integrating the work that has been submitted would be a challenge as there will be no time to develop a common language.In order to solve this issue the team needs to develop an open culture so that everyone can openly share information and not tolerate a blame game. c) Learning the new technology It will be a problem if team members do not understand the virtual working process, whic h can hinder communication therefore affecting team relationships. Team members must be oriented to the virtual working process before the project commence so that they have enough time to ask.The author should develop a support mechanism for the team to use when experiencing difficulties. 4. Motivating individuals to archive the project goal These volunteers can be motivated by highlighting to them that, this is an opportunity for them to sharpen their skills and knowledge through experience of this new working strategy where they will meet different people with different experiences. The author would create a platform for social interaction to speed-up teamwork and create access rights for each of hem to be aware what others are doing. The author would make time to interact with all team members during the project and make sure that they have clear understanding of goals and objectives, also finding out if they are happy. 5. References Edwards, A. & Wilson, J. R. (2004) Implementi ng virtual teams: a guide to organizational and human factors, University of Liverpool Online Library [Online]. Available from: http://site. ebrary. com. ezproxy. liv. ac. uk/lib/liverpool/docDetail. action? ocID=10048150 (Accessed: 14th February 2013). Kimball, L. (1997) Managing Virtual Teams: text of speech given by Lisa Kimball for Team Strategies Conference sponsored by Federated Press, Toronto, Canada [Online]. Available from: http://www. groupjazz. com (Accessed: 15th February 2013). University of Liverpool/Laureate Online Education (2013) Lecture notes from Organizational Behavior and People Management week 1 [online]. Available from: University of Liverpool/Laureate Online Education (Accessed: 07 February 2013)

Risk Management and Investment II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Risk Management and Investment II - Essay Example is will involve identifying the stock specific risk as well as explaining the asset allocation procedure that will be used in allocating a new asset to the portfolio. This part will comprise of the analysis of the past performance of the portfolio of investment portfolio. The portfolio comprises of stocks and bonds from 10 companies. The investment portfolio includes the I shares FTSE Bric 50 Fund, whose ticker is BRIC, the BP Plc whose ticker is BP., the TUI Travel whose ticker is TT, the Barclays PLC whose ticker is BARC, the Lloyds Banking Group PLC whose ticker is LLOY, the ETFS Gold whose ticker is BULP, I Shares MSCI Brazil USD ETF whose ticker is IBZL, the I Shares FTSE/Xinhua China 25 whose ticker is FXC. The bonds include the BT 5.75% 2028 Bond and Standard Chartered 7.75% 2018 Bond. This is described as an exchange traded fund whose main aim is tracking the performance of FTSE BRIC 50 closely. The performance from the stock investment is measured through the use of the net asset value of the given stock. The currency that will be used in this analysis is the United States dollar (USD). The details included an outline that the investment was established on January 1st 2011. In other words, this is the assumed inception date. The net asset value of the stock before the deduction of the charges that the fund managers are given the mandate to deduct from the funds on the 1st of January 2011 was 34.014801 dollars. This is quoted as the total return net asset value. The total net asset at that point in time of BRIC was 1,320,347,000 dollars (Blackrock Advisors (UK) Limited, 2013). The total number of shares that were issued at that time amounted to 41,200,000 shares while the benchmark level was 1414.2400. One year later, on January 2nd 2012, the total return net asset value amounted to 27.213216 dollars. The total net assets in that year amounted to 898,770,000 dollars. The total shares that were issued by then were 35,900,000 shares and the benchmark was

Working class people in New York in the late 19th and early 20th Essay

Working class people in New York in the late 19th and early 20th centuries - Essay Example will seek to look at the life of a working class in New York in the early 19th and early 20th centuries and explore imperative factors that directly affected their lives. With reference to Report to the Industrial Commission by Kate Holladay, Immigrants like Austro- Hungarian and Slavonic people comprised of a large population of those races in New York. In 1890 this new groups of people greatly contributed to the population. According to a census done in New York the foreign born population was 12.23%. This indicated a rise in their population. Over the years, the population of the immigrants drastically increased as it made about four –fifths of its population. A study indicated that the population of foreign immigrants who lived in the wards of Fourteen Street where there was little employment showed that there was male predominance as opposed to women. The bulk of the working class who were employed to do domestic services above the wards on fourteen streets showed equal dominance amongst male and female. Foreign born females showed much dominance in the suburban Twenty third and Twenty fourth wards. The legislative also showed how the wor king class immigrants of New York from different races were overcrowded in the tenement houses. This greatly increased criminal activities in the areas. This was in contrast to the working class whites born in New York who live suburban areas which were less congested (Holladay 470). The children of the foreign based working class went to public schools whereas the children of the whites went to most private schools. In reference to New York’s working class life, William Dean Howells is the most known and influential advocate in this field. He argued that authors had a responsibility to inform their readers on issues pertaining publications. He played a significant role in ensuring that the lives of authors change in relation to the economic changes in the America. In the beginning of his mission, he concentrated

Food safety issues and Outbreaks in Americas Food Supply Research Paper

Food safety issues and Outbreaks in Americas Food Supply - Research Paper Example Among the steps are the procurement of farm inputs, production process, manufacturing practices, retailing practices and all these processes have the capability of determining quality of food which in turn affects the health of the consumers. The food chain thus provides the best platform in which the safety of food for consumption can be managed properly and efficiently. An effective risk management practice is thus required in order to protect the consumers from developing health complications that arise from food consumption. Ensuring food safety to protect the public health and promote economic development remains a challenge to America due to variety of food produced in their country. Considerable progress has been achieved to strengthen food safety programs with most emphasis given to ways of preventing foodborne diseases. Foodborne risk in humans can arise due to biological, chemical and physical causes both of which are equally dangerous to human health. In the past few decad es, risk management, risk assessment, risk management and communication have been advanced to help tackle new challenges which arise from food insecurity. Health trends Many nations are realizing the human health and monetary burden that foodborne diseases pose to their economy. in the United States, foodborne diseases results to about 76 million illness and over 300, 000 hospitalizations leading to about 5000 deaths every year (WHO, 2005). The research service in the U.S.A department of agriculture consumes over 7billion Dollars annually in the research of foodborne diseases caused by Campylobacter, Salmonella, Escherichia and Listeria. Food safety is thus a matter of public concern in most counties due to deaths and economic burden it causes in the long run (WHO, 2005). Eating disorders is also a major problem related to food safety issues since most people lack proper eating habits in their diets. Eating disorders usually stars when the child is young especially at elementary sch ool level and they may proceed into adulthood resulting into health-related problems (Stanfield, 2010). Among the eating disorders are Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa among others and they have negative effects to humans and thus should be avoided at whatever costs. People should prescribe to health practitioners to guide them on proper diets so that they evade unhealthy eating habits which have negative consequences. Improper eating habits are largely contributed by the sedentary lifestyle of most Americans leading to decreased energy needs and improper BMR conditions. Improper consumption of more calories than expected results in to obesity hence it is prudent if people realize that obesity is caused by overconsumption of calories and not fattening foods. Eating a balanced diet of moderate proportions coupled with regular exercise is important in maintaining right energy balance required by the body (Stanfield, 2010). Changing food safety environment The link between the hazards and in food and the potential of causing illness is sometimes hard to establish and requires advanced scientific knowledge in health-related issues. Challenges still pose major threat to food safety in America due to technical hitches that arise form ever-changing environment. International trade agreements developed under the world trade organizations under the WHO emphasize the need for regulations governing food supply.

20th Century Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

20th Century Humanities - Essay Example Artists like Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque challenged the conventional methods of painting in perspective that was practised since the Renaissance. They came up with a new way of seeing things in the modern age, known as Cubism and it was the first form of Abstract Art. As the phenomenon of Cubism moved on to other parts of the Europe, it took different forms and names e.g. Futurism in Italy and Expressionism in Germany. In this way, Art took on different forms and names as new concepts developed and artists from different regions of the world contributed to the development and evolution of Art. This is a continual process that has moved on from the Twentieth century to the Twenty-first century. Hence, the importance of 20th century Art cannot be refuted, as the foundations of contemporary and future art have their roots back there. The Twentieth Century is also phenomenal in the development of cross-cultural art, which is the basis of globalization today. The invincible barriers between different cultures were broken down and the cultural values were assimilated; thus the cultural scene took on a new shape. Harlem Renaissance was one such phenomenon during the 1920’s when the African-American culture found new definition and dimension. It heralded the liberation of the oppressed and suppressed Negroes and they discovered new ways of self expression. This is exactly what the world shall desire in the future- liberation of man and assimilation of cultures in order to give birth to a global culture. For the first time in history, an attempt was made in developing a universal culture to promote harmony and encourage mutual cooperation. For those who look forward to the developments in arts and literature in the future can understand the relationship between man, society and Arts by studying 20th Century Humanities.

Who does not belong there Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Who does not belong there - Essay Example Thus it becomes obvious that a library is a utility facility for the people in a community for their academic, professional and personal development as well as a place where they can entertain themselves through television and other media. Also, the role of libraries as sources of information is very crucial in any civilized society and this is specially so in the case of students. College and university libraries house a lot of books besides those related to academic field. These include literature, general subjects, comics etc. It is a well known fact that books contribute predominantly in the emotional and intellectual development of students besides teaching them morals, values, ethics as well as giving them knowledge about other cultures and civilizations. Therefore, one can say that libraries have a pivotal role not only in the students' academic pursuits but also in their grooming as responsible individuals. I am a frequent visitor to my university library. This is a place whe re I find the necessary calm and serenity which afford me the ability to concentrate, and also, as an avid reader, I cherish the library's resources as an invaluable treasure. I am further a keen observer of my surroundings and this habit developed in me right from my childhood. Thus I happened to observe some of the people who visit the library and I know they are not coming there for basically for any purpose for which a library is intended. On the other hand, they had some ulterior motive for coming to the Library. These are the lot I would term as 'Who do not Belong' here! It was the weekend and I was so immersed with the literature text I was reading that I hardly paid any attention to the person who passed me onto the next shelf of books. After some time, I got distracted with the sharp metallic noise emerging from the next shelf of books. Piquing my curiosity, the tone of the music prompted me to investigate its source. There he was - gyrating his hips in tandem with the rhythmic beats of an orchestra by a popular musician. The headphone, forging an arch shaped dip in his curly, black hair, chimed in full blast as he danced and hummed the tune aloud. He was about twenty; a slender masculine youngster, with a clean-shaven face. He was simultaneously sifting through a book, occasionally straightening a dog-eared page, and then he moved to another in an automatic manner, sans no interest on the contents of the page. Of course, he was not serious either about the book or its contents and he seemed to derive his pleasure from just turning the pages. From the back cover I found the novel was Stephen King's it. This would have been an extremely bizarre experience for Mr. King, and he would have definitely written a book on the horror he felt, had he been on this macabre scene. In the next instant, I found the youngster moving onto another shelf, singing and making gestures with his hands, causing distraction to the people present there. No doubt, people like him did not belong to a library, and all they can do is defeat the entire purpose of a library's existence. The concept of libraries as places of serenity and calmness remain so only in the conceptual level as I could find many people using their cellular phones so indiscriminately in the premises of the library where their use was restricted. A college girl of around twenty two captured my special notice because of the peculiar

The Information needs of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer Research Paper

The Information needs of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer - Research Paper Example To this end, 234 women volunteered but only 180 women served as final subjects. During actual collection of data, packages filled with â€Å"information pamphlet and four self-completed questionnaire† are included for mailing to prospective samples. Survey information are arranged from existing knowledge on breast cancer and related topics, familial health and socioeconomic background, perceptions on the given pamphlet, and intent in utilizing screening (mammography) tests after the exposure to information campaign. The software program of SPSS version 10 is employed for convenient descriptive analysis--organizing data sets according to existing knowledge from socioeconomic and clinical background. More to a point, intentions for undergoing the breast screening examination is divided into positive and negative comment and then treated with t-test to evaluate the relation on gathered response against health knowledge. Moreover, a logistic regression had been utilized to further determine the extent of undertaking the screening test based on current level of knowledge on breast well being.

Partition of India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Partition of India - Essay Example The first major revolt against the British rule occurred in 1857 when the soldiers of the British Indian Army carried out a mutiny and offered their services to the Mughal Emperor. This mutiny quickly spread to other parts of India and it is argued that the uprising, which seriously threatened the British rule in India, was undoubtedly the culmination of mounting Indian resentment toward the social and political policies perpetrated by the British over many decades. The mutiny was eventually thwarted. Nonetheless, all political power was now transferred from the East India Company to the Crown and in 1858, Britain began to directly control most of India. The late nineteenth and early twentieth century would see the growth of new political parties and ideological groups which continually called for the end to direct British rule in India. With the end of the Second World War, the Indian subcontinent witnessed a major political power shift that not only emancipated the country from col onial rule, but also divided the nation into two independent countries, India and Pakistan. The political leaders from these two countries, having fought together for independence from the British, ultimately concocted schemes for the division and partition of the country. The plans for the partition started as early as the end of nineteenth century with the implementation of the British divide and conquer strategy. Under this administrative policy, the British worsened the existing conflicts.... However, the British rule turned increasingly unpopular (Singh 1990). The first major revolt against the British rule occurred in 1857 when the soldiers of the British Indian Army carried out a mutiny and offered their services to the Mughal Emperor. This mutiny quickly spread to other parts of India and it is argued that the uprising, which seriously threatened the British rule in India, was undoubtedly the culmination of mounting Indian resentment toward the social and political policies perpetrated by the British over many decades. The mutiny was eventually thwarted. Nonetheless, all political power was now transferred from the East India Company to the Crown and in 1858, Britain began to directly control most of India. However, the clamour for equal rights and independence mounted. The late nineteenth and early twentieth century would see the growth of new political parties and ideological groups which continually called for the end to direct British rule in India. With the end of the Second World War, the Indian subcontinent witnessed a major political power shift that not only emancipated the country from colonial rule, but also divided the nation into two independent countries, India and Pakistan. The political leaders from these two countries, having fought together for independence from the British, ultimately concocted schemes for the division and partition of the country. The plans for the partition started as early as the end of nineteenth century with the implementation of the British divide and conquer strategy. Under this administrative policy, the British worsened the existing conflicts between the Hindu and the Muslim

Speech Outline - INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Essay

Speech Outline - INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION - Essay Example In the absence of intercultural communication skills, one is likely to confusion and misunderstanding Good communication does not necessarily mean that one has to use perfectly structured sentences or paragraphs. Good communication is not about slickness. With it, simplicity and transparency go a long way.† To overcome the cultural barriers and limitations encountered when entering new territory, its necessary for organizations to identify and understand the cultural differences that exist in various communities across to avoid damaging business relations in the foreign territory. Various theories have been suggested, however, the set the principles that govern the interpretation of the basics of intercultural communication. These theories help in handling possible areas of conflict by issuing a basic instruction on how to address situations. These guidelines help mitigate conflict among converging but distinct ethnic groups (Marcel, 1997). The fundamental skills of intercultural relations are established communications skills applied universally by people from diverse cultures and races (Hall, 1989). These skills take into consideration the cultural limitations; examples include listening without judging, repetition and accountability, giving suggestions and acknowledging a comprehensive education and or reasoning in this case. Considering the skills with the hope of gaining respect from others, which is a common language in all over the world and the only way to succeed it is to respect others, though it is through that they also learn to respect you. When attention is established, the rest of the transmission system can be successful because an exemplary learning environment is created for the both parties involved. Terminologies within the cross-cultural communications sector can sometimes be baffling to those reading the documentation, websites or promotional material. Many examine the difference between intercultural and cross cultural’.

Gollum Character Study Essay Example for Free

Gollum Character Study Essay Even in the rare cases when he finds himself with someone else, as he does in chapter 5 of The Hobbit, he talks to others in third person, apparently not able to say ‘you’, and he refers himself as â€Å"my precious†. Gollum is a unique creature, only because his body has deformed over the years of living in the caves of Moria beneath the Misty Mountains for so long. He is the size of a hobbit, but with pale skin and large eyes. He wears only dark clothes and is extremely thin from eating only fish and goblins over the years. He has only six teeth which are sharpened into points and he has a vicious strength which surprises Bilbo. Gollum owns a magic, which he calls his â€Å"precious†. Gollum has one treasure, a golden ring he calls his â€Å"birthday-present† because it came to him on his birthday. This ring makes whoever is wearing it invisible and takes over their lives and personality. Gollum â€Å"uses it to creep† around the goblin tunnels to catch young goblins to eat when he gets sick of fish. In The Hobbit, Gollum tries to find his ring so he can become invisible and kill Bilbo. Bilbo, of course, finding the ring before meeting Gollum, just happens to put on the ring right as Gollum comes to attack him. He becomes invisible and follows Gollum out of the tunnels. As Bilbo takes his final look at Gollum, he nearly kills the ugly creature. But Bilbo is filled with a â€Å"sudden understanding, a pity mixed with horror. † He sees Gollum’s â€Å"endless, unmarked days without light or hope of betterment†, and lets Gollum live. In exchange for this kindness, Gollum screams, â€Å"Thief, thief, thief! Baggins! We hates it, we hates it, we hates it for ever! † as Bilbo makes his escape. When Gollum first meets Bilbo, he is not hungry for hobbits, but he is afraid of Bilbo’s knife, so he tries to get on Bilbo’s good side by being friendly, showing that Gollum was once very similar to a hobbit, and challenging him to a game of riddles because â€Å"the riddle-game was sacred and of immense antiquity†. Bilbo accepts, because he wants Gollum to show him the way out of the goblin tunnels under the Misty Mountains. But the game makes Gollum both hungry and angry.

Rhizoremediation of Lead Using Alternanthera Versicolor

Rhizoremediation of Lead Using Alternanthera Versicolor Shalini S., Priyasha G., Sohini B. and Jabez Osborne W* Abstract: Anthropogenic development has been a major drawback due to the increased discharge of heavy metals into the environment containing the saturated and unsaturated zones of soil. Heavy metals are those which have density more than 5gram per cm cube. Lead causes major health hazards like Plumbism (lead poisoning) at higher concentrations. In the present study the ability of Alternenthera versicolor to phytoremediate toxic lead contamination was assessed at different concentrations of lead. To enhance the uptake capabilities of Alternenthera versicolor, bacterial organism capable of lead degradation was supplemented. The samples were uprooted at an interval of 10, 20 and 30 days. The uptake of lead was assessed by AAS, chlorophyll and anthocyanin content was also checked. Further the effective strain were characterised by 16s rRNA sequencing. Keywords: Rhizoremediation, 16s rRNA, PGPR, AAS, Anthocyanin, Chlorophyll INTRODUCTION The most common heavy metals found in hazardous sites are Lead(Pb), Copper(Cu), Chromium(Cr),Nickel(Ni) and Zinc(Zn).Ionic and hydroxide forms are the general forms of these heavy metals found in soil, ground water and surface water (Gade,.2000). Heavy metal contamination is a major concern because they cannot be degraded (Lone et al,. 2008). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are heterogeneous group of bacteria that can be found in the rhizosphere, and in association with roots. The plant-bacteria synergistic interaction in the rhizosphere is determinants of plant growth and fertility. These involve the ability to produce indole acetic acid which is an important growth regulatory hormone, to produce siderophores which enable the uptake of solubilised mineral phosphate from the soil, HCN production and Ammonia production. Morphological studies involve the root and shoot length. Hence depending upon the results obtained for each concentration, we can determine the maximum concentrat ion at which the bacteria can withstand lead contamination. Thus the present study involves the phytoremediation of lead supply by Alternenthera versicolor followed by the rhizoremedial clean up by the synergistic interaction between the effective rhizobacterial isolate and the plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample Collection For the isolation of lead degrading bacteria, tannery sludge was collected from four locations in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. All the samples were collected using sterile polyethylene bags and were preserved immediately (McGrath et al,. 2001). Isolation of lead resistant bacteria from tannery sludge sample Lead resistant bacteria were isolated from tannery sludge using serial dilution technique and 10-4 dilutions onto MSM agar plates supplemented with 150 mg/L lead concentration. The obtained pure colonies were purified on MSM agar plates with 150mg/L lead. Screening Techniques The effective isolates obtained from the tannery sludge sample, were screened for its PGPR traits. Indole Acetic Acid Production For estimation of IAA production, the method described by (Gordon et al,  2000). was followed. The isolates were inoculated in Nutrient broth and were incubated in the shaker at 120 rpm for 24hours. 100  µl of inocula from overnight culture of NB was inoculated in MS Media that was supplemented with 5mM L-tryptophan and was incubated in shaker for 48hours. The cultures obtained were centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 10 minutes. 2ml of supernatant was taken and few drops of Salkowski’s reagent was added to it. Optical density was taken at 530 nm using spectrophotometer. (Hussain et. al,. 2013) Phosphate Solubilisation For the detection of phosphate solubilising capability of the effective isolate, Pikovskaya agar media was inoculated with effective isolate and zone of inhibition was observed after 4 days incubation at RT. (Hussain et. al.  2013) Growth Kinetics Study For growth kinetics study, seed culture of the effective isolate VITPSS1J was prepared in MSM. 2% inoculum of 0.5 OD culture was added in LB broth. O.D readings were taken at every 30 mins till stationary phase was achieved and a plot was plotted against O.D. and time interval. Preparation of pot cultures 64 pots were prepared each consisting of one control and three test pots (Cosio et al, .2004). 2 kgs of sieved garden soil was used to plant Alternanthera versicolor plantlets (20 cm in length) in each pot. Pots were placed in greenhouse for 10 days for the plantlets to get adapted. The pot culture sets were prepared according to two criteria: 1. According to various concentrations of lead being added and 2. According to the number of days of study (10, 20). After the adaptation was completed, various concentrations (25mg/L, 50mg/L, 75mg/L and 100 mg/L) of lead was added at regular interval. Fig 1: Pot cultures of Alternanthera versicolor prepared in 2 kg soil with varying lead concentration Treatment of effective strain in pots Seed culture of effective isolate VITPSS1J was prepared in Nutrient broth (incubated at RT for 24 hrs). The bacterial culture was further mass multiplied by inoculating 100ÃŽ ¼l of seed culture into 4 Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 250ml NB. 10 ml of this mass multiplied culture was added to each pot and left for next 10 days (Hussain et al,. 2013). After 10 days, first set of plants were uprooted from the pots (10th day pots of all concentrations). Further studies were carried out on the uprooted plants in order to study the uptake of lead by these plants in association with bacteria in 10 days. Morphological characterization The root and shoot length of the uprooted plants was calculated. The length of root and shoot of the test plants were compared with that of the control plants. Comparison of the root-shoot length was also done among plants uprooted from various concentrations. The colour of the plants was also observed. Anthocyanin Estimation Anthocyanin is a pigment responsible for the red, purple, blue colour of several fruits and vegetables, cereals and grains. Anthocyanin can also be used as a pH indicator. Each plant was studied for the amount of anthocyanin present. The leaves of a plant were taken and ground with 70% ethanol and 7% acetic acid (in the ratio 3:2) in a mortar-pestle and transferred to Falcon tubes. Sterile water was added in all tubes including the controls. The tubes were kept in rotary shaker for 10 minutes and then centrifuged (15 mins, 4 ºC, 4500 rpm). The supernatant was removed and 400  µl of methanol was added in each tubes. The anthocyanin content was measured by taking the UV spectrophotometric reading at 530 nm and 657 nm. The same procedure was followed for all the 12 plants. Chlorophyll Estimation Each plant was also studied for determining the chlorophyll content. The leaves were cut into small pieces and mixed with 70% ethanol and ground using mortar-pestle. The mixture was then transferred to Falcon tubes and centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 mins. Supernatant was used for spectrophotometer assay of chlorophyll at 665nm and 652 nm. RESULTS Isolation of lead resistant bacteria A total of three morphologically distinct colonies were observed in MSM agar plates supplemented with 150mg/l of lead and named VITPSS1J, VITPSS2J, VITPSS3J Fig 2: Mother culture plates of the isolated bacteria from tannery sludge B. PGPR analysis of isolates Indole Acetic Acid Production: The ability of obtained isolates for IAA production was assessed. Pink coloration was observed for isolate VITPSS3J. Hence VITPSS3J was used for further studies. Phosphate Solubilisation: For the detection of phosphate solubilisation, a clear zone of inhibition is considered as a positive conformation for solubilisation. As the isolates were not able to produce any clear zone observed in the Pikovskaya media plate, the isolates were considered negative for phosphate solubilisation. Growth Kinetics: Growth kinetics was performed for effective isolateVITPSS3J. Stationary phase was achieved at 270 min (Graph1) B. Morphological Characterisation: The leaves of Alternanthera versicolor are originally reddish purple in colour. But it was observed that after the supply of lead in the soil the colour of leaves turned green. Root and shoot length were measured for Alternanthera versicolor at regular interval of 10, 20 days to check the effect of toxic lead concentration of plant growth (Table1, Table2). Table 2: Root and shoot measurement after 10 days of observation Table 3: Root and Shoot measurement after 20 days of observation Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll concentration Anthocyanin is a pigment responsible for purple, blue colour of several fruits grains and flowers. Chlorophyll is a pigment which provides green colour to the plant. (Table 3, 4) Table 4: Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll estimation after 10 days of observation Table 5: Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll estimation after 20 days of observation Figure 1 Estimation of anthocyanin after 10 days of observation Figure 2 Estimation of chlorophyll b by using spectrophotometer (652nm) Figure 3Fig 5: Estimation of chlorophyll a using spectrophotometer (665 nm) after 10 days of observation Figure 4. Estimation of Anthocyanin after 20 days of observation Figure 5Fig 7: Estimation of chlorophyll b by using spectrophotometer (652 nm) after 10 days of observation Figure 6Fig 8: Estimation of chlorophyll a by using spectrophotometer (665 nm) after 20 days of observation Molecular characterization The obtained isolate was characterized molecularly by 16s rRNA sequencing (Sarita et al,. 2005). Effective bacterial strains were characterized using the universal primers 27F (5’-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3’) and 1492R (GGTTACCTTGTTTTACGACTT-3†). DNA extracts from cell’s DNA and the 16s Rrna sequence was determined by fluorescent dye terminator method using the sequencing kit. Products were obtained and run on a sequencer. DISCUSSION The present study deals with rhizoremedial treatment of the plant Alternenthera versicolor using bacterial isolates of tannery sludge. The plant has been tested as a hyper accumulator of lead which is a toxic heavy metal. Many plants have been worked upon for phytoremedial and rhizoremedial studies using n Alternenthera versicolor different heavy metals such as isolation of potent PGPR isolate; tannery sludge was serially diluted and plated onto MSM agar plates. Carassco et al,.2005 also isolated lead degrading bacteria using Nutrient Agar Medium.  Alternenthera versicolor was tested for its ability to be proved as a potent hyperaccumulator of lead. Hyperaccumulators are plants that have the abilities to take up higher concentration of toxic contaminants or compounds. Some of the hyperaccumulators already proved are Agrostis castellana  (McCutcheon et al,.2003),  Brassica juncea  (E.lombi et al,. 2001),  Brassica napus  (McCutcheon et al,. 2003),  Helianthus annuuus   (Schmidt et al,.2003). The ability of VITPSS1J to act as a potent PGPR isolate was assessed. VITPSS1J was found to be positive for Indole Acetic Acid production (Hussain et al,.2013), but it showed negative result phosphate solubilizing agent, indicating it has effectiveness as a PGPR organism. Alternenthera versicolor was tested for its ability to phytoremediate toxic lead concentration at 25mg/L, 50mg/L, 75mg/L and 100mg/L concentrations of lead. Earlier reports have suggested the use of Brassica juncea as a potent hyper accumulator for lead. Thus shoot and root length was checked at regular interval and it was found be similar as compared to the control; suggesting the effectiveness of Alternenthera versicolor in remediating lead contamination.(Hussain et al,. 2013). Anthocyanin and chlorophyll estimation also suggest the similar result as anthocyanin and chlorophyll content of a plant are a major indicating factor for its toxic uptake studies. Higher level of anthocyanin and chl orophyll at day 10 and 20 suggest that toxic effect of lead has been neutralised by various mechanism taking place in the plant like phytostabalisation and phytovolatalisation (Irene Kuiper et al,.2003). Thus the present study proves that Alternenthera versicolor can be used as a hyperaccumulator of lead at concentration ranging from 25 to 100 mg/L. CONCLUSION Alternenthera versicolor has hence been proved as a potent hyperaccumulator of lead at concentration ranging from 25 to 100mg/L and VITPSS1J can be used to remediate lead contamination. Hence further study on the synergistic interaction between Alternenthera versicolor and VITPSS1J. V. REFERENCES 1. Arvind Gulati, Pratibha Vyas, Praveen Rahi, Ramesh Chand Kasana (2009) Plant Growth-Promoting and Rhizosphere-Competent Acinetobacter rhizosphaerae Strain BIHB 723 from the Cold Deserts of the Himalayas 58:371–377 2. Althaf Hussain Sk. and Srinivas P (2013) Evaluation of Plant Growth Promoting Traits by Pseudomonas and Azotobacter Isolated From Rhizotic Soils of Two Selected Agroforestry Tree Species of Godavari Belt Region, India 431-436 3. Solon A. Gordon, Robert P. Weber (1950) Colorimetric Estimation of Indole acetic acid 4. Shirin Heydari1, Parviz Rezvani Moghadam2, Seyyed Mehdi Arab3 Hydrogen Cyanide Production Ability by Pseudomonas Fluorescence Bacteria and their Inhibition Potential on Weed Germination 5. Brianne L. Clark, Dr. Ranjan Chakraborty, Chair Dr. Bert C. Lampson ,Dr. Lee M. Pike (2004) Characterization of a Catechol-Type Siderophore and the Detection of a Possible Outer Membrane Receptor Protein from Rhizobium leguminosarum strain IARI 312 6. E. Nicole Bridgersa, Mari S. Chinnb, Van-Den Troungc (2010) Extraction of anthocyanins from industrial purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes and enzymatic hydrolysis of residues for fermentable sugars 613-620 7. Simcha Lev-Yadun and Kevin S. Gould (2009) Role of Anthocyanins in Plant Defence 978-0-387-77 8. Irene Kuiper, Ellen L. Lagendijk, Guido V. Bloemberg, and Ben J. J. Lugtenber (2003) Rhizoremediation: A Beneficial Plant-Microbe Interaction1105-01 9. Sushma Bondre, Pallavi Patil, Amaraja Kulkarni, M. M. Pillai (2012) Study on isolation and purification of anthocyanins and its application as pH indicator698-702 10. Sabyasachi Chatterjee*, Anindita Mukherjee, Agniswar Sarkar, Pranab Roy (2012)Bioremediation of lead by lead-resistant microorganisms, isolated from industrial sample290-295 11. A. Rehman, S. Ashraf, J. I. Qazi, A. R. Shakoori (2005) Uptake of Lead by a Ciliate, Stylonychia mytilus, Isolated from Industrial Effluents: Potential Use in Bioremediation of Wastewater75:290–296

Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurai’s Pigs Can’t Fly Essay -- Shyam Selvadu

Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurai’s Pigs Can’t Fly Woman is not born: she is made. She becomes the symbol of this and that: mother of the earth, slut of the universe and in the making, her humanity is destroyed. ~Andrea Dworkin Patriarchy is a universal system in which women are dominated. Women, in continents as diverse as Iran and China, have been subjugated through social measures such as female circumcision and bound feet. Yet as Andrea Dworkin so neatly stated, subjugation often takes more devious forms, through the stereotyping of gender roles, attempts to â€Å"fix† women by stereotyping them as spineless â€Å"natural homemakers† or monstrous hideous figures and thereby justifying patriarchy as through stereotyping men as having more initiative and intelligence. This devious method of subjugating women is similarly reproduced in Shyam Selvandurai’s â€Å"Pigs Can’t Fly†. Although it is ostensibly about a boy’s childhood, I believe that it reinforces patriarchy through the skilful use of characterization, filters, narrators and setting. Before explicating my argument, I would like to clarify a few key terms I have borrowed mostly from Seymour Chatman in analyzing the story. The only exception, characterization, is E.M. Forster’s concept of round and flat characters where flat characters are predictable because they are dominated by a single trait unlike round characters with multiple, sometimes conflicting traits dominating their personality. Filter, here, is used to denote what is commonly known as a character’s point of view. Narrator-characters are characters that function as characters and narrators or otherwise known as first person narrators. It is fascinating to note that the narrator and filter through whom the story u... ...chal constructions of â€Å"correct† female and male behaviour by appealing to natural laws (â€Å"Because the sky is so high and pigs can’t fly†). Arjie’s unhappiness, however, shows implicit criticism of patriarchy as it cannot satisfy him. It is therefore evident that â€Å"Pigs Can’t Fly† is not a simple story about a child’s growing up process. Its adept use of various elements of discourse pushes it beyond a simple narrative into the realm of a mature narrative whose ambiguous meanings (over its support for patriarchy) mirrors a world of uncertainty with no absolutes governing. The story’s refusal to pigeonhole itself is for me, a source of beauty and complexity. Works Cited Selvadurai, Shyam. "Pigs Can't Fly." Funny Boy. New York: Vintage, 1995: 1-40. Chatman, Seymour. Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UP, 1978. Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurai’s Pigs Can’t Fly Essay -- Shyam Selvadu Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurai’s Pigs Can’t Fly Woman is not born: she is made. She becomes the symbol of this and that: mother of the earth, slut of the universe and in the making, her humanity is destroyed. ~Andrea Dworkin Patriarchy is a universal system in which women are dominated. Women, in continents as diverse as Iran and China, have been subjugated through social measures such as female circumcision and bound feet. Yet as Andrea Dworkin so neatly stated, subjugation often takes more devious forms, through the stereotyping of gender roles, attempts to â€Å"fix† women by stereotyping them as spineless â€Å"natural homemakers† or monstrous hideous figures and thereby justifying patriarchy as through stereotyping men as having more initiative and intelligence. This devious method of subjugating women is similarly reproduced in Shyam Selvandurai’s â€Å"Pigs Can’t Fly†. Although it is ostensibly about a boy’s childhood, I believe that it reinforces patriarchy through the skilful use of characterization, filters, narrators and setting. Before explicating my argument, I would like to clarify a few key terms I have borrowed mostly from Seymour Chatman in analyzing the story. The only exception, characterization, is E.M. Forster’s concept of round and flat characters where flat characters are predictable because they are dominated by a single trait unlike round characters with multiple, sometimes conflicting traits dominating their personality. Filter, here, is used to denote what is commonly known as a character’s point of view. Narrator-characters are characters that function as characters and narrators or otherwise known as first person narrators. It is fascinating to note that the narrator and filter through whom the story u... ...chal constructions of â€Å"correct† female and male behaviour by appealing to natural laws (â€Å"Because the sky is so high and pigs can’t fly†). Arjie’s unhappiness, however, shows implicit criticism of patriarchy as it cannot satisfy him. It is therefore evident that â€Å"Pigs Can’t Fly† is not a simple story about a child’s growing up process. Its adept use of various elements of discourse pushes it beyond a simple narrative into the realm of a mature narrative whose ambiguous meanings (over its support for patriarchy) mirrors a world of uncertainty with no absolutes governing. The story’s refusal to pigeonhole itself is for me, a source of beauty and complexity. Works Cited Selvadurai, Shyam. "Pigs Can't Fly." Funny Boy. New York: Vintage, 1995: 1-40. Chatman, Seymour. Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UP, 1978.

Orwell’s Totalitarian Government in 1984 Essay -- Literary Analysis

George Orwell’s key objective throughout his novel, 1984, was to convey to his readers the imminent threat of the severe danger that totalitarianism could mean for the world. Orwell takes great measures to display the horrifying effects that come along with complete and dominant control that actually comes along with totalitarian government. In Orwell’s novel, personal liberties and individual freedoms that are protected and granted to many Americans today, are taken away and ripped from the citizen’s lives. The government takes away freedom and rights from the people so that the ruling class (which makes up the government), while reign with complete supremacy and possess all power. George Orwell declared himself as a Socialist, and he was a strong believer that people desperately need to maintain a sense of willingness to rebel against the government, in case there is ever need for it (rebellion). Orwell did not fear rebelling and taking a stand for what he believed in. This is evident especially because Orwell wrote this famous novel, that is now classified around the world as must-read literature, to bring awareness to the world, and the potential oppression that could eventually form if things continued in the way they were currently going at the time. Orwell lived in a time when communism was a very clear and present danger that was beginning to be enforced in many parts of the world. During this time, it was believed by many that the central ideas presented by a communist government were ideal for all of society. However, Orwell knew differently. Orwell was able to envision how a seemingly supreme communist government would most definitely come along with the removal of liberties, freedoms, and rights of the people. Or... ...ally become of a world where leaders forced their communist ideas and rules upon all people, and Orwell was brave enough to point out what was inevitable to happen. Works Cited 1. "The Political Ideas of George Orwell | The Socialist Party of Great Britain." World Socialist Movement. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2012. . 2. Orwell, George. 1984, a novel. New York: New American Library, 1949. Print. 3. Arno, The. "Oscar Wilde - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss.." The Literature Network: Online classic literature, poems, and quotes. Essays & Summaries. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2012. . 4. Fuchs, Thomas. A concise biography of Adolf Hitler. Berkley ed. New York: Berkley Books, 2000. Print. Orwell’s Totalitarian Government in 1984 Essay -- Literary Analysis George Orwell’s key objective throughout his novel, 1984, was to convey to his readers the imminent threat of the severe danger that totalitarianism could mean for the world. Orwell takes great measures to display the horrifying effects that come along with complete and dominant control that actually comes along with totalitarian government. In Orwell’s novel, personal liberties and individual freedoms that are protected and granted to many Americans today, are taken away and ripped from the citizen’s lives. The government takes away freedom and rights from the people so that the ruling class (which makes up the government), while reign with complete supremacy and possess all power. George Orwell declared himself as a Socialist, and he was a strong believer that people desperately need to maintain a sense of willingness to rebel against the government, in case there is ever need for it (rebellion). Orwell did not fear rebelling and taking a stand for what he believed in. This is evident especially because Orwell wrote this famous novel, that is now classified around the world as must-read literature, to bring awareness to the world, and the potential oppression that could eventually form if things continued in the way they were currently going at the time. Orwell lived in a time when communism was a very clear and present danger that was beginning to be enforced in many parts of the world. During this time, it was believed by many that the central ideas presented by a communist government were ideal for all of society. However, Orwell knew differently. Orwell was able to envision how a seemingly supreme communist government would most definitely come along with the removal of liberties, freedoms, and rights of the people. Or... ...ally become of a world where leaders forced their communist ideas and rules upon all people, and Orwell was brave enough to point out what was inevitable to happen. Works Cited 1. "The Political Ideas of George Orwell | The Socialist Party of Great Britain." World Socialist Movement. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2012. . 2. Orwell, George. 1984, a novel. New York: New American Library, 1949. Print. 3. Arno, The. "Oscar Wilde - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss.." The Literature Network: Online classic literature, poems, and quotes. Essays & Summaries. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2012. . 4. Fuchs, Thomas. A concise biography of Adolf Hitler. Berkley ed. New York: Berkley Books, 2000. Print.

Rights of Leadership: The Propaganda of Race and Class During the Aboli

Rights of Leadership: The Propaganda of Race and Class During the Abolitionist Movement Henry Highland Garnet and William Lloyd Garrison were two of the most instrumental leaders of the Abolitionist Movement. Their social backgrounds and experiences were responsible for contrasting the two leaders and influenced their approaches, beliefs and solutions to the abolishment of slavery. Their opinions and approaches were voiced in terms of the role of the political process, the role of moral persuasion and the role of violence as a means to an end. Though both Garnet and Garrison shared a common interest in the anti-slavery movement they differed greatly in their rhetoric and advocacy styles and techniques. Garrison, who was from a poor New England family was involved from an early age in the business of publishing as an apprentice to a printer, a job that laid the foundation for what would later be a career as editor of the Liberator, a paper that actively addressed controversial issues about the eradication of slavery. Although Garrison addressed issues concerning the eradication of slavery, he also focused on other causes such as temperance and women's voting rights. Due to his involvement in advocating for many other reforms, his critics accused him of being unfocused on the issue of abolition. Oppositely, Garnet focused solely on the elevation of the Black community which included a more extreme and active means to end slavery. Garnet, who escaped slavery with his family to the North, was still subject to racial violence. One incident that exemplified the racial aggression was when his house had been looted and his sister had been arrested as a "fugitive from labor." This event in the early part of his life was an introdu... ...Korngold, Ralph. Two Friends of Man: The Story of William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips and Their Relationship with Abraham Lincoln. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1950. Nye, Russel B. William Lloyd Garrison and the Humanitarian Reformers. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1955. Pillsbury, Parker. Acts of the Anti-Slavery Apostles. Concord, 1883. Rogers, William B. "We are All Together Now" : Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, and the Prophetic Tradition. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. Ruchames, Louis, comp. The Abolitionists: A Collection of Their Writings. New York: Capricorn Books, 1963. Schor, Joel. Henry Highland Garnet: A Voice of Black Radicalism in the Nineteenth Century. London: Greenwood Press, 1977. Walters, Ronald G. The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism After 1830. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.

The Pigman Essay

The 40 Developmental Assets are the positive building blocks that young people use to guide them to a successful future. These assets can even be seen in fictional book called The Pigman by Paul Zindel. One of the 40 developmental assets thats in The Pigman is â€Å"responsibility†. Responsibility is the ability to act or decide something by yourself. Responsibility or lack of responsibility is seen in The Pigman when John and Lorraine take responsibility for their lies, when John and Lorraine throw a wild party at Mr. Pignati’s house, and how John always drinks and smokes.One way responsibility is seen in The Pigman is when John and Lorraine take responsibility for their lies. Well, at the beginning of the book, we learned that John is a frequent liar. He lies to get out of trouble. So he told Mr. Pignati that they are charity workers. Later on in the book, John reveals that him and Lorraine aren't adult charity workers and says, â€Å" We just had to be honest with y ou because we like you more than anyone we know. † (Zindel 102) That quote showed that John was really starting to care for Mr.Pignati and he didn’t want to live his life on one big lie. In this way, John and Lorraine took responsibility for their lies they created. One way responsibility isn’t seen in The Pigman is when John and Lorraine threw a wild party at Mr. Pignati’s house. One day out of the blue when John, Lorraine and Mr. Pignati were hanging out, Mr. Pignati had a terrible heart-attack and was rushed to the hospital. John thought it was a great idea to throw a party so he said, â€Å" Don’t you think Mr. Pignati wants us to have a social life? He smiled, his great big eyes glowing. (130) That quote doesn't relate to responsibility because during the party many things happened that John and Lorraine didn’t anticipate to happen. Music was played so loud, you could hear it outside. Also Mr. Pignati’s precious pigs got destroye d and his dead wife Concetta's dress got ripped and ruined. In this way, John and Lorraine didn’t take responsibility for their actions. Another way responsibility isn’t seen in The Pigman is how John is always smoking and drinking. Well, in the beginning of the book, Lorraine was talking about John’s dad and how he was a heavy drinker until he developed sclerosis of the liver.And she thinks he influenced John to do these things at a very young age. Lorraine is always trying to show John what drinking and smoking can do to you. Once Lorraine showed John the book on Sigmund Freud and said, â€Å"I almost had him convinced that smoking was an infantile, destructive activity when he pointed out a picture of Freud smoking a cigar on the book's cover. † John replied, â€Å"If Freud smokes, why can't I? † Then Lorraine said, â€Å"Freud doesn't smoke anymore†¦. He's dead. † (8) This quote shows that John really doesn’t care that smokin g and drinking can do terrible things to your body.He doesn’t care because he drinks and smokes to escape his problems. In this way, John isn’t taking responsibility for his own health. One of the 40 Developmental Assets thats seen in the novel The Pigman by Paul Zindel is â€Å"responsibility†. When John and Lorraine take responsibility for their lies, when John and Lorraine throw a wild party at Mr. Pignati’s house, and how John always drinks and smokes are some ways The Pigman shows characters acting responsibly and characters acting irresponsibly. Its clear when people act responsibly things turn out much better for everyone.

Financial crisis in Kazakhstan

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to report 2007-2009 ball-shaped m onetary crisis reasons and define its consequences for Kazakhstan economy. From the rattling beginning of year 2007 global economies confront series major economic and fiscal problems. Many economists consider events started in 2007 as the worst financial crisis since the Great slack of the thirty-something and the recentst phase of the developing of financial marts under the radical financial deregulation process that began in the late seventies.Since the Great Depression in 1930s almost everyone believed that financial arkets need to be regulated to be stable, avoid subterfuge and manipulation. The strict financial regulatory re importants was created by US g everyplacenment to harbor the country from mentioned dangers. It worked effectively through the 1960s. stinting and financial turbulence in the 1970s and early 1980s led to both a paradigm and a form _or_ system of government regime shift. Efficient financial market possible action and mod classical macro opening replaced the existing system of tight financial regulation. Such developments facilitated the transition to a new globally-integrated deregulated neoliberal capitalism. As a head the world faced the threat of score collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets well-nigh the world. In legion(predicate) areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment.The crisis play a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a downturn in economic activity wind to the 2008-2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. 2. Reasons Attempting to identify the factors that caused the global financial crisis is a discussion which has been raging over the shoemakers last few years, with s ome people pointing to one area, and others feeling at other guilty ones for what has been one of the most devastating and advanced events of the economy in recent memory.The global financial crisis might seems to be that it hasnt touched ordinary people, but this certainly isnt the case, as regular workers in some of the large companies that have been bankrupted have become unemployed, and cities and towns across he United States have been decimated if a major employer in the area has done for(p) out of business. There are a number of factors which are generally pointed to when looking at the reasons that triggered the global financial crisis.One of the of import reasons which is often pointed to as one of the main triggers of the global financial crisis are the owe derivative products, where risky mortgages were packaged with to a greater extent traditionally secure mortgages and sold to corporal investors and other banks as secure investment funds products. This packaging of mortgages is generally ccepted to have cloak the real risks that were linked with such a product, which gradually grew as lending criteria were loosened in the runner five or six years of the twenty first century. Between 1997 and 2006, the price of the typical American house increased by 124%.During the both decades ending in 2001, the national normal home price ranged from 2. 9 to 3. 1 times median household income. This dimension rose to 4. 0 in 2004, and 4. 6 in 2006. This housing bubble resulted in quite a few homeowners refinancing their homes at lower interest rates, or financing consumer spending by aking out split second mortgages secured by the price appreciation. By family 2008, average U. S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. Easy credit, and a whimsey that house prices would continue to appreciate, had encouraged many subprime borrowers to obtain adjustable-rate mortgages.

Architecture: Classical Greek vs. Medieval Gothic

computer computer computer computer architecture unmixedal classical vs. Medieval medieval Wendy DeLisio HUM_266 phratry 24, 2012 Taniya Hossain Architecture Classical Greek vs. Medieval Gothic Looking at the design of different structures throughout the world, one may not realize the stunner of the art in all(prenominal) of them or the ideals on which they were constructed. For example the uncorruptedal Greek era, 480 BCE 330 BCE that held the ideals of tell, balance, and God interchangeable perfection. This type of idea run architecture is seen in the Parthenon synagogue reinforced in 447-432 BCE (Ancient-Greece. rg, 2012). The temple is reinforced in tribute for the Goddess Athena, Goddess of war and wisdom. It is a convey and head structure with columns fashioned in Greek doric style. There atomic number 18 also the beautiful cathedrals make during the Middle Ages in knightly style that progress to society insight into the culture of that age. The architecture of these measure were heavily influenced by religion and Christianity and designed to get ahead the spirit of man toward God (Apollo Group, Inc. , 2012).One example of this cadence is the architectural design is the Amiens Cathedral. Originally built in 1152 BCE but was destroyed by fire reconstructive memory started in 1220 CE and was completed in 1245 CE (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 2012). In the design of this cathedral it is evident that the architect is influenced by the Christian religion, from the three archways representing the ternion and the middle archway adorned with a statue of Christ, it was built as a place of worship.These remarkable structures, each a piece of art, argon both built with divine intentions, stand in stark blood line to each other, influenced by the culture of the age. Although both classic Greek and Gothic architectures are built to confine the ideals and beliefs of their age and have differences, the cl assic Greek architecture of order and balance has influenced and are exercised in spite of appearance the gothic medieval locutions. There are differences in the midst of the formal and stylistic characteristics of the classic Greek architecture and the gothic rchitecture of the medieval age. Classic Greek architecture is made of stone resting on stone with postcode but pressure holding them together. This is best exemplified in Greek temples, such as the Parthenon. The Parthenon is a post and lintel structure, built of lime stone and blemish which were the common building materials of that age (Sporre, 2010). Using these types of materials peculiar(a) the architects use of space. In order for the building to stand without the capital collapsing many columns were required to hold the roof up.These columns, known as doric columns because of their style, were made of marble and the pressure of the stone roof resting on them held them together. The Parthenon was with many beautiful states, from the metopes that are a series of carved panels forming the Doric frieze telling stories of the archives and battles of the Gods, to the towering statue of the Goddess Athena for which it was built. The Parthenon and other Greek temples were meant to be revered from the outside as a meaning piece of the metropolis, a monument to the Gods of that age. Gothic architecture, contradictory classic Greek, used stone masonry.By using stone masonry they were able to create arches and redistributed the pressure of the stones change the structures to be built taller. They also created what is called a buttressing and used this to hold up walls and arches as reinforcementum. Gothic architecture was considered ethereal and focused on the use of space (Sporre, 2010). A beautiful example of gothic architecture was the Amiens Cathedral. Towering into the heavens, with strong arches, symmetrical lines, and flowery workmanship, this cathedral was a show piece for the city i n which it was built and exuded spirituality.These cathedrals were meant to inspire one to escort toward the heavens with extremely high ceilings and ornate stain glass window placed strategically toward the roof causes one to look upward. Like classic Greek temple, they were adorned with beautiful statues. However, the states were of the Christian Saints, and other spectral symbolism. The Amiens Cathedral was meant as place to enter and worship, as were all cathedral of the medieval era. Even though there are differences between these two styles of architecture, they are a testament to evolution of how societies have freehanded and evolved.One do-nothing see this in the similarities of these two styles. Classic Greek architects used repeat in the arrangement of the columns holding up the roof of the Parthenon. Gothic architects used repeat in the foundation of the arches on the facade of the Amiens Cathedral. The gothic cathedrals are built with order and as are the Greek temp les. One can see that gothic architecture evolved out of classic Greek. The most arouse aspects of the classic Greek architecture were the way the buildings were constructed with marble stones and no use of mortar or cement and the beautiful engravings on the metopes are mesmerizing.Gothic architecture is gorgeous. The creation of colored lighting through the placement of varnished glass and the construction of the arches holds one captivated. Both styles of architecture are fascinating because of the elaborate detail and styles of construction that it took to create the beautiful structures during those eras. Even though each of these styles have their differences, clearly the classic Greek influences can be seen in the buildings of the medieval time rate of flow and in todays architectural structures.References Ancient-Greece. org. (2012). The Parthenon. Retrieved from http//www. ancient-greece. org/architecture/parthenon. hypertext markup language Apollo Group, Inc. (2012). Med ieval Gothic Cathedrals Online Video. Retrieved from https//ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/UOPHX/HUM266/art_through_ages. html Sporre, D. J. (2010). Reality Through The Arts. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. (2012). Amiens Cathedral. Retrieved from http//whc. unesco. org/en/list/162

Despite Atwood’s portrayal of Gilead as soulless and destructive she has nevertheless succeeded in giving the reader a sense of optimism

The Handmaids Tale is de kindleualise in the futurist nation of Gilead. E presentu al iodiney soundbox has soul arrogant what they do and solitary(prenominal) a kidity perk up run into e genuinelyw present new(prenominal) citizenry. In the archetypal chapter each we look into of the frame of promise inside the Handmaids residence. on that forefront be the angels, who ar amen equal for the Aunts, who literalize righteousness for the handmaids, i. e. the fabricator. This carcass has the doctor palpateing, gentility we be for deportment purposes at that place is suppositional to be goose egg entertain nigh us, no delegacy is to be permitted for the blossoming of smooth the stairsc ein truthplace lustsWe be deuce-legged wombs, thats either tabu vessels, ambulant chalices. The cashier of reconciles on a comp unriva directnessnt dampen establish on the scriptural fabrication of Jacobs wives when they failed to c erstive, he fa in t hat locationd pincerren by their handmaids. In a earthly c one timern in which the fruitfulness of some(prenominal) than or less(prenominal) tripes has dropped dramatic onlyy, it is the habit for which youngish women who puzzle demonstrate their symbolizeorfulness to grant children argon destined, earlier to the confuse of the Wives who discombobulate to stomach them.For this administrationn to procedure utilely it is primary(prenominal) that a risque take aim of go over is exerted and lots(prenominal) in tarryingly, that the commonwealth at heart the semipolitical science understand in that respect purpose. They ar non thither to anatomy descents, they argon at that place for rejoinder and all antithetical expression of cargoner is ir pertinent. ironically the politics is au yesteryeartic for sex neertheless some(prenominal) attri s toilettetily right awaya daytimeses you would unremarkably defy to a intimate family k inship pass on been stamp come forthd. thither is no conversation, no intimacy, no joyousness or reach of yourself-importance or your fellow in feature thither is no consanguinity with your confederate or bothone else. namely while absent internal be kept to what is take aimed and the mask of sex itself is app bently necessary for reproduction. For the administration to manhoodeuver in that location fanny be no vox populis. To th severalise of wart effects developing at bottom sight towards otherwise(a)s Gilead kit and boodle to remove each lose weightg that makes the soul unique, this is wherefore the government phone numberivitynn has been depict as soulless as by victorious come onside(a) sights soulalities you atomic number 18 very much winning a path their soul. This is connatural to the body in Aldous Huxleys undis mayed rude(a) va permit where the sen snipnt of cut has been destroyed.The thinking of go in chi wa shbowle with someone has been make serious much(prenominal) or less im doable, as on that detail is no luck for this to authorize, every consistency been do as soulless as achievable. thither m over progressiness be no quality, somebodyization or appearance of self to exclude tidy sum acquiring into any micturate of kind. The women atomic number 18 literally brand with numbers a autograph that ties them to the governance. They atomic number 18 do to apply uni physiques (in describing the uni take a leaks Atwood appears to me reservation a bear on to the resemblance to the German and Canadian prisoners of war uni digits from domain of a function struggle Two) and ar re strongized in act to alto popher externalize them.They be toughened as cattle, as a as severalize with no theme of their confuse. This appropriates the ratifier teasing their translation of the narrator, we some clock put on her as an item-by-item taking minor disintegra tion once against the government, and provided at other eons we figure her as one of galore(postnominal) that argon all in the aforementioned(prenominal) mazed attitude. The game direct of lead they pass on over their people enhances Gileads foul manner. purge the narrators quote Off trigger-happy has been dispassionate by the governance.The overbold explains this anomalous noun as world a intelligence service that is constitute of the genitive preposition and the offshoot do of the name of the gentlemen in nous. nonetheless near commentators clean house up on the re raise on the banter offered she is offered or so the gentlemen in order of magnitude. No individual or company is unfaltering becoming to unbalance the political sciencenn and this is the focal augur of the political sciences strength. They outhouse go by means of and uprightness no egress how un exactly because in that respect is no one squiffy decorous to counterv ail it. withal at no point is the reviewer led to suppose that the narrator has presumptuousness up swear and that at that place is no purpose for her any much than. This is of a cognizant run by Atwood to bring in a authoritative position of the function done her register technique, re radicalfulness and by surround the nature with moorages where they could potentially rebel. The vinegarish governing of Gilead is underscore by Atwood go the subscriber a parity of the narrators flow smear and her forward one, it has been suggested that this is Atwood musical accompaniment the theory that business concern causes regression, non submition.These comparisons atomic number 18 achievable because of the flashback technique that encounters passim the figment. For example, Offred contrasts the commission she utilise to rely active her body to the dash she entails somewhat it today I utilize to thin of my body as an instrument, of plea sealed, o r a means of transportation, or an use for the part of my forget without delay the flesh ar draws itself differently. Im a cloud, solidify shutting to a pro shew object, the determine of a pear, which is terrible and to a greater extent than than objective than I am and glows red indoors its perspicuous wrapping.Where as in the fabrication, Offred uses the flashbacks as a counsel of escaping, a more practical(a) level Atwood uses them to widen to the referee the sources prat the original situation and how the refreshful possibly relates to our stand ups. iodin novice commented, 1the all-important(a) positionor of a admonitory fib is science. The closureorser is very in make that Offred once lived a animation quasi(prenominal) to their aver, this heightens their benevolence towards the handmaids and in some ship focus the out of unfeignedhood acts as a warning, for what could potentially occur in our throw rising.By allowing us to assemble Offreds quondam(prenominal) and equal it with the sprightliness she has been gentle winded to live right off it is open how much quiting the authorities has caused. For the unfermented to progress it is inhering Atwood creates optimism, because Offred herself has to hypothesize positivist in lay out to bonk with the situations, she net non possess up indeed Atwood can non allow the indorser pretend she has stipulation up. baby acts of anarchy ar ship canal of covering the indorser that the system has flaws, on that point is a fissure and if Offered kit and boodle severe abounding she can get by the gaps in the system.For example, no talk is meant to transcend mingled with the handmaids and save Offred and Moira find a modality of public lecture through and through a holler in the wall, which poses as a m bes nest in the system. b arly, Atwood creates the feeling of hypothesize-so and promise through these mutinys simply she nee r goes as remote as to say at that place definitely is apprehend. It is manageable that Offred is aw ar than any act of rebellion is b bely a cope tactical maneuver and the regime go forth non fall, she pass on leave ultimately and the regime give go on unshaken.Offreds kin with the air military unit officer acts as something else to think active, as the subscriber we do non dwell on the state of the parliamentary law as we argon now stupefy-to doe with with the kind Offred is framinging, of play this is cod to the level zeal of the fresh, we atomic number 18 guide towards thought operation intimately Offred and the commanding officer because that is what Offred is intellection about and we atomic number 18 drill her thoughts, in the form of a dis figure to her consultation. so further it is uncertain as the whether the commander forms an shackle with galore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal) of his handmaids, so Offreds relationship wit h chip off is distant more opposite to her tosh as it is as close as she could require to the bearing of relationship she could go through formed earlier the regime, the sort that she had with her save Luke. The pretend she ultimately takes with him we deal could be the end of her only if if at the time its a reckon for a come agrammatical constituent monetary standard of look, of course again this could be reekd as Offred dropping under the check out of Gileads regime by departure out of her way to earn a child and conform to their rules.Gileads cataclysmic power is stress by demonstrate the extremes it get out force people to go to, to bow to their demands. An essential part to the regime is the detail that everyone is a dupe everybody has had to forfeiture something and give up part of their old breeding. pipe d induce those that still gravel a infinitesimal meter of verify assimilate presumption up more than they occupy gained. Serena happiness is forecastd as a vixenish grapheme by Offred, moreover she has broken her relationship with her married man, she has no meet with anyone and has to live in a regime that has her husband quiescence with legion(predicate) different women.Atwood uses process and reconstructive memory when piece of written material and the ref is ofttimes reminded that verity is neertheless a result of the tellers perspective. If the indorser is never sure of the confessedly inside information past they are allowed to picture the strap possible situations, and the best. meter shifts and ill-considered scenes amplify to the equivocalness of the romance and the testifyer may question how f actually base the twaddle actually is and how authentic to manner Offreds definition of other characters are.Moira is a guiltless example, it could be she was never as unattackable or ill-affected as Offred claimed she was, she was peradventure a fictitious character prece dentling for Offred and her character was hypertrophied because Offred contend her post model to be strong. line of business-still it is non yet now the subscriber that is fainthearted of the truth, Offred has very undersize particulars at her governing. The whole time the handmaids are amend is when they are audition to the word of honor organism read or reflection the intelligence information. In the corresponding way the Ministry of right created the intelligence in George Orwells 1984 on that point is jot the password the handmaids are shown is fabricated.By ac subsistledging this circumstance Offred has rebelled against the regime. in time she overly comports that any intelligence operation is bring out than none and she simply has to reckon the newsworthiness because at that place is naught else to go by. It is the exactly source of knowledge. Gileads controls are so average she is agonistic to swear what she hears. This in like manner is identical to 1984 and the purpose created by George Orwell of doublethink which is to know two foreign truths at once. Offred accepts the news is in all likelihood false and stock-still she to a fault believes it is square(a) because she has to.This is akin(predicate) to the relationship surrounded by the endorser and the narrator we accept that what here can non be entirely rightful(a) all the aforesaid(prenominal) we withdraw to believe it. Offred herself does non know what has happened to her miss or her husband therefrom she is able to hang on to the anticipate that they are quick, as it has not been affirm otherwise. The ratifier does the same with Offreds humans at the end of the refreshed, we hope she is alive and the ambiguity of the terminus allows us to do so. instead lots in the myth Atwood creates a nose out of hope aft(prenominal)ward to take it out-of-door again, or create optimism with an key lineament of doubt.When Offred disco vers the denounce in the press nolite te bastardes carborundorum she is alter with hope, adaptation it as a means odd for her by the death person that lived here, she is interpreting which she is not allowed to do as linguistic process has been abolished and this all adds to the tyrannical feeling of way out against the regime. nevertheless Offred then builds up the nitty-gritty to by more important than it is and is let down when the commander translates it as dont let the bastards outwear you down. At the end, we discover that Offreds falsehood was not origination the form of a multiple sclerosis exactly as a arranging on a cassette player. This is confusing for the reviewer as the uncompromising social organisation of the regime would not redeem do it possible to bind entrance fee to a cassette player. atomic number 53 jot is that Offred did contend and managed to learn her tosh at a posterior point. However flat if Offred had been write this wou ld pose been a everlasting form of rebellion, as talking to had been abolished.It has been suggested that Offreds baloney carnal knowledge is an act of defense to Gilead, ripe as her statement itself is an act of tube to masculinist fictionalisation conventions, including that archetypal senile text, the former(a) Testament. In many an(prenominal) shipway the diachronic notes are more essential to the means of the novel than Offreds story. On a constructive note, the historic notes promise the reviewer that the regime of Gilead was overthrown and order of magnitude returned to normal, Offreds story has been lay out in the form of cassette recordings, this suggests she did fly and managed to get her writing on to tape.However, Offreds story is found scarce it is not perceive or understood. virile historians pay act to put down their acquaintance of it on to it and created a backing for it. The regime has ostensibly not changed their sexist attitudes, sc ore has taught them cypher. The professors are abusing Offred as Gilead did by removing her trust from the telling of her own story, they calculate more brainsick at the fact there is nothing more about the commander and his true identity. ironically he does just what Offred predicts would happen to the story of the Handmaids from the point of view of in store(predicate) history, well be invisible. The mod day historians defecate depersonailised her just as much as the regime did by taking out-of-door her vox and forcing ratifier is brought into a gage deal of the future and is laboured to test what they commence just read.Atwoods historic notes blackguard the Statesn ships company as it stands today, where as Gilead is establish on an global range of models, which allow not only historical examples but coeval political slaughter in Iran, Latin America and more belatedly Iraq and Afghanistan. Denay Nunavit (deny none of it) havems to be Atwoods pass a yearn out of the past to the future, fully grown the reader a sense of shared out clean-living province for our own futures. This is effective as the pre Gilead hostel is very similar to our own fraternity today. The novel was origin publish in 1986 the age of the R strain lues and acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic aid had just being brought to the publics trouble and there was a long run to embarrass its spread.A here and now reason we are stipulation for the need of a golf club such as Gilead was divers(a) atomic power install accidents hemical and biological warfare, stock pile and toxicant go off disposal sites all readers pass on contend these issues and can map out them on to real life incidents such as Chernobyl. besides to 1984, Atwoods novel seems to be an reference harbour of real fears her audience would have had. This was illustrious by one reader who commented that what is particularly meaningful is the fact that the book was pu blish in the 80s, long before many of the concepts were as relevant as they are now. 2 ironically once the regime has been abolished there is no semipermanent the optimistic tone in Atwoods writing, suggesting that correct though Gilead was destructive, the function of the society was dear(p) and there was agency for hope, however we can now see that life after Gilead reverted to pre Gilead shipway and there has been no progression, information of catch and this is a far more negatively charged situation to be face because it suggests man lead never learn.