Assisting The Health And Needs Of The Community Social Work Essay

Assisting The Health And Needs Of The Community Social Work Essay ACCV exists to promote, encourage and assist the health and care needs of the aged and community care clients and support its members in a professional and ethical manner, to provide accurate relevant information, services and advice and to provide leadership in the aged and community care sector. North Yarra Community Health aims to provide high quality and responsive programs and services to all members of our community. We work with people to overcome their experiences of disadvantage, discrimination and disempowerment. We respect peoples choices and support them to make informed decisions to prevent illness and promote their health and well being. We encourage active participation in our services and in the life of our community. Find out if your organization has a mission statement and write it here. If not, search in your community for a community development project and discover what other projects are using as their mission statement. Our mission is to provide individualised community services to Victorians who need short-term or long-term assistance with daily living activities. (Vista Community Support, Victoria) Assessment activity 2 Contact your local community centre or Neighbourhood House and find out whether they are currently working on a community development project. If so, what is it and how did they go about identifying this? The project is called Splinters and it is aimed at males from the sixteen to twenty-five year old age group. It is to provide disengaged males who are not participating in any form of ongoing education or employment the opportunity to learn woodwork skills. The aim is that the group will be able to develop two products, timber chicken coops and rabbit hutches, and if the products are developed to a high enough standard, then the participants will be encouraged to develop a plan, to market and sell the products. The project will run for sixteen weeks and the hopeful outcome is that the participants will have a sustainable opportunity for further development. The need for this project was identified by the high level of young males in the community estate with no direction in daily life. The community house staff witnessed a lack of positive activities for the group specified and the difficulties faced in attempting to engage with them. Local residents have reported that this targeted group is responsible for antisocial behaviour within the housing estate. Providing an opportunity for participation in the project will give the males the opportunity to disengage from antisocial behaviour. Assessment activity 3 Values and assumptions are inherent in all of us. Identify at least 2 values that you hold and discuss how these might affect the way you work. The first personal value that I will identify is honesty. I find that honesty is one of the most basic personal core values. One quote that I have always followed is Have the courage to say no. Have the courage to face the truth. Do the right thing because it is right. These are the magic keys to living your life with integrity. (W. Clement Stone) If we are honest in all facets of our life we will gain many more benefits for it. I consider honesty to mean the quality of being fair, truthful, and morally upright. If this is used in a work environment I find that I can gain the trust and respect of people that I work with and for. I endeavour to try and not doubt others, and I try to deal with them with good feelings. This often gives positive vibes to the other person. It enables them to modify their behavior and attitudes so we can be on a similar wavelength. It may be necessary to waiver depending on the circumstances as the level of honesty may have to be adapted depending on the p erson. Blunt and straightforward honesty can get in the way of a caring response or cooperative effort when you are working with people. Honesty is not about hurting feelings but trying to connect with a person or a situation. The second value that I can identify is justice. This means to me a level of fairness, especially in the way people are treated and decisions are made. Every person I work with deserves to be treated fairly and I expect the same for myself in the work environment. I know this is not a core value for some people and it can have a significant impact on me. I have to control my own values and work with what I have. I find that when my values clash in the work environment, I may still do a good job, but I probably will not feel good about it. On the other side of this dilemma, I find that if my work environment incorporates my core values, I am happier and more engaged, even if the work itself is difficult. My whole being is connected with what I am doing daily. If my job does not allow me to honour my core values, and there is no possible way to change this, then it would be time for me to consider alternatives that would meet my needs. At times, our values can get in the way of productive outcome by leading us to express ourselves aggressively or to dominate a discussion. These behaviours can lead to serious and potentially damaging conflicts between people. Finally I think that it would be naÃÆ' ¯ve to expect everyones values to be the same, as we all have had different backgrounds and experiences that make up our beliefs, so compromises need to be negotiated in the work place. Assessment activity 4 The local neighbourhood centre is planning on a community development project that plans to hold a number of multicultural lunches in an effort to bring together a number of isolated individuals from various ethnic backgrounds. Make a list of the issues you might need to consider before setting out on this project. Participants age groups eg. children / elders Racial backgrounds Awareness of cultural differences including fasting periods / celebrations Respect Dignity Religions Duty of Care Communication Personal core values and beliefs Racism Group conflict Transportation Supervision Cultural sensitivity Food considerations Staffing mix of females and males Understanding the different perspectives of time priorities participants may turn up late Assessment activity 5 Case study Stan has identified a need in his community to set up a work area where other folk in the community can gather with the aim to repair broken toys and to make new ones for the children in the district. Stan has a background in carpentry and believes he has the necessary knowledge and skills to take control over the project. He contacts the local Neighbourhood House and advertises in the local shops expressing his ideas. Stan is able to set up his group, mainly men, and after 6 months feels that the group is running quite successfully. However, a year later, Stan finds out that the initial funding is due to run out at the end of the 2 years, something he had forgotten about. What are some of the social and economic concerns that might affect the group long term? Money to continue funding the project The project needs to look at becoming self-sustaining. A project management team Employment Lowered self-esteem and empowerment Lack of knowledge/skills Empowerment Loss of project interest Social acceptance of project Participation Insurance Support from a larger organisation OHS Mental health Qualifications necessary eg. Red card Assessment activity 6 You have gone through the initial stages of consulting the community about the proposed project and you hear along the grape vine that there are some individuals who have impaired vision (ie. they are blind) and would like dearly to participate in the project. What mechanisms could you use to ensure that they receive all the necessary information about future meetings and events? Telephone Email used with assisted technology Compact disc / audio tape A newsletter sent out in Braille Voice mail Assessment activity 7 Often issues come up during the course of conversation. Sometimes the information shared is easily understood whilst at other times it is not. In the following statement, identify what you see the problem being, and how you would go about solving it. Mrs H wants to be involved with the local community development project working with young people who abuse drugs. She becomes friends with a young lad James, aged 18 years who is currently living on the streets. Mrs H invites James to come and stay at her house, which James would like to do, as he has been homeless for the last 5 years. However, James feels a little unsure about this and does not know what to do. What is the problem here? How would you deal with it? The first issue that struck me is that Mrs H has crossed the boundary of being a worker, whether it is in a voluntary or paid position. Mrs H would need to consider her own safety and the support networks necessary to have a person come and reside with her that has a history of drug abuse. Mrs H would need to under go some sort of training in this area to have the skills to deal with any arising issues and she would also need to arrange for a mentor for herself. As for James the issue of whether he is continuing his drug use would need to be looked at. James would also need individual support to overcome the issues he will face living with someone after being homeless for a significant amount of time. Giving James a home to live in is not the only issue that needs to be addressed, a holistically based approach to the situation needs to be implemented to avoid setting James up to fail. Assessment activity 8 An issue was identified, during the initial consultation process, indicating that a number of individuals from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds want to find out more about the Australian culture and language which they were having difficulties in understanding, What referrals or resources would be needed to meet these needs? Internet Language classes and programs Culturally Linguistically Specific Community Visitors Centres Community Service Organisations Books Community Centres Local Council Multi-cultural centres Community groups Church groups Informal workshops with other people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds Assessment activity 9 Give another example of duty of care, and how you would deal with it. Pam is a 24-year-old woman with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Pam lives in a group home where a picnic outing to the local park is being planned. Pams behaviour can be unpredictable, with her becoming verbally abusive and extremely loud in public places. As a staff member going on the outing I do owe a duty of care to the public. Pams behaviour may be embarrassing for the public but she does not present a danger to them. To exclude Pam from public outings would be far more damaging to her than any embarrassment caused to the public. Pam is reliant on our care service, where as the public can function independently. Therefore my duty of care is owed to Pam to meet her community access needs. Assessment activity 10 Through discussion with peers, family and friends, identify 2 issues that could become a community development project. What would be the next step in the process of putting one of these projects into action? In modern society some members of the community are living in accommodation that does not have surrounding gardens. This is particularly true for the elderly when they are living in aged care homes or units. The elderly that do not live in this sort of accommodation quite often live with family and feel that they cannot alter or participate in garden design or maintenance. A community garden offers the opportunity to belong and it is enjoyable to many of the aging population. The garden can bring together a diverse range of people who are committed to one goal, planning, building and maintaining a garden. Gardening brings the community together, rather than accelerate their segregation. The focus in todays world is all about global warming and sustainability. If communities do not come together and try and change modern practices that will affect the climate, the world will have long-term damage. Sustainability is the word that everyone needs to learn and adopt. The idea of educating in environmental sustainability needs to be addressed on the home front. This approach will bring together communities to learn about sustainable living at home and to equip them to teach others about these issues. Before any project can commence the community will have to be consulted on what they consider their needs to be. This can be achieved through a needs based analysis and the prioritising of community needs, but this has to be carefully monitored as wants, needs and rights can become confused while trying to address and identify issues. The community needs analysis will aim to clarify what the residents want, assess which needs and rights should be recognised and indicate which community facilities, services or programs can best meet these. Assessment activity 11 The capacity building approach focuses on the notion that community development works with the individual and not for the individual. What does this mean for you? In a community setting if a capacity building approach is not used, where appropriate, it can create a dependency on services to meet needs. If a person, a group or a community were able to achieve their goals, using their own strategies, it would deliver an overwhelming sense of empowerment for these people. It is a wonderful feeling to assist people with achieving desired outcomes and it gives me a feeling of self-worth. If the capacity building approach were not used, there would not be the employment opportunities in community work to assist people with the tools for success in their lives. Teamwork can deliver better results in my opinion, as it is using a combined knowledge base striving towards a common goal. Assessment activity 12 A community development project being undertaken by the local Aboriginal Health Service in outback South Australia is wanting to deliver a program called Getting the message across. The aim is to undertake a range of initiatives including an early intervention project that will target children as young as 8 years of age on anti-drug and harm minimisation messages. What other resources could be used to get the message across? Parents Schools Teachers Aboriginal Elders Peer groups Sporting idols Drug educators Role models People with real life experience Posters Books Comparison information with other Aboriginal groups DVDs Pamphlets Postcards Communication Cards Assessment activity 13 You have decided on the project you want to undertake. Write up a checklist of what you need to take into account in the initial stages of the planning process, for example who are you going to contact, how will you do this, what do you need to take into account before doing this, when will you undertake the start of the project. Clear objective Clear target group Brainstorm Who are the interested parties? Which clients will benefit from the project? How will the project be accomplished? Community meeting Public Notice announcements Community radio Written communication Participation Budget requirements Advertising Partnership opportunities Consultation after delivery of initial planning Undertake start of project after the bases, planning and participation is successfully completed Assessment activity 14 You are involved in a project called the Multicultural Drug Prevention Project. The principle behind it is the education, training and support of young people from culturally diverse backgrounds to undertake training in drug education as peer educators in the local community centre. What organizations could the project approach? Odyssey House Victoria The Odyssey Institute of Studies Training Unit are able to supply a diverse and comprehensive range of training options to organizations working with people who may present with drug and alcohol issues. Tranquilliser Recovery and New Existence (TRANX) Education and training sessions are provided in Victoria on request to doctors, nurses, alcohol and drug practitioners, community health practitioners, psychologists, youth workers and other health and welfare practitioners. Sessions are tailored to meet the specific needs of the organization. Topics include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Treatment for benzodiazepine dependency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recognition of benzodiazepine dependency and information regarding safe use of benzodiazepines à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Providing a safe tranquilliser use message to people from culturally diverse backgrounds Uniting Care Moreland Hall Services are offered on a fee-for-service basis but special rates apply to charitable organizations and services, which are unfunded or have special needs. The Education and Training unit provides Alcohol and Other Drug training to a wide range of professional and community groups. This training may be tailored to meet particular needs through consultation with the group or it can be Competency Training designed to provide the target group with one of the National Alcohol and Other Drug Competencies as part of the Community Services training package. Youth Substance Abuse Service (YSAS) YSAS offers a wide range of training packages that can be customised to meet the needs of individual workers as well as the needs of services and organizations. YSAS trainers have extensive knowledge and experience in all areas related to young people and substance use. Depending on what is required, YSAS can offer more comprehensive professional development programs that range from single session seminars through a number of seminars that cover a range of subject areas. What issues would need to be considered? There are a number of issues to consider when forming this project. The first would be the selection of people who undergo the training. A commitment contract would need to be drawn up so that the young people follow through on the training and education supplied to them. The cultural groups selected will have to be interviewed to find their position on what isnt and what is acceptable as drug use. Different cultures can find some drugs acceptable for recreational use. The youth group will have to be made up of mixed genders to get their message across. Finally their personal life experiences will have an influence on their values so this needs to be addressed. Assessment activity 15 Case Study Men, especially Aboriginal men and those from other countries, rarely seek the help they need particularly when it comes to health issues. The local community centre along with community members decided to run an education session on mens health in general. Often the men wait and wait until the problem becomes unbearable. The aim of the project is to identify who would come along to the group. What sort of issues may arise, what issues are important to them and how would you get them there? Aboriginal men are less likely to address their health issues and this results in an increased presentation of secondary health issues. The reason for this neglect of health issues is because they are more likely to not feel empowerment within their communities because of limited education and employment opportunities, because of reduced authority and status, a loss of their traditional role in both society and family, as well as the loss of a sense of self worth. The result of these changes in their society can lead to despair, shame, and a sense of inadequacy. Aboriginal men do not allow themselves to be seen as weak, they feel a need to protect their privacy and for this; they deny any health problems to save face in their community. There needs to be considerations of gender, that is mens business, it will need to be a part of the program development. Aboriginal men are unlikely to seek advice or help from women when it concerns their health issues. To get the men to participate would be a process that would take time by informally mingling with them to build a rapport within the terms set down by local men. For the partnership to work with them an environment based on respect, trust, and equality needs to be established. This could involve meeting outside of the community center, for example at a Mens Shed or a fishing excursion, and during this time, use the opportunity to become familiar with them and learn about their issues. Assessment activity 16 Contact your local community house or Neighbourhood House and check whether they have any programs or projects incorporating the positive contribution of diversity in the community. If so, what are they? If not, what would you suggest in the way of an appropriate project? At the current time Ballarat is celebrating the Eureka Rebellion Uprising. This event gives the community a chance to celebrate freedom and diversity. The uprising at Eureka was the only armed civil uprising in Australia, to battle for democracy, fairness and freedom for people. The gold rush in Ballarat brought a flood of immigrants from around the world seeking liberty and freedom. The Ballarat African Association has identified the project as a way of making a positive contribution of diversity to the community. The association identified that the local diverse cultures in the area are undervalued and their contribution to society is often not given any recognition. To address this issue and promote the benefits of diversity, the association in conjuction with community organisations are aiming to make this project an annual event. The contibution to the music feastival will be delivered in the lead up to the event by establishing a community music, singing and dancing workshop. Professional artists will be used to train existing cultural performance groups and to create new ones. This iniative is aimed to gain the direct involvement of local young people and performers of different cultural backgrounds. The successful outcome will not only be an entertaining performance by a diverse group of people, but the development of relationships that will develop through the workshops and shared performances. This outcome will enhance peoples connection with their community and create a greater awareness and acceptance of Ballarats diversity. Assessment activity 17 As a community development worker, you will come across certain individuals who feel strongly about certain issues and biases and make judgemental comments towards others. How would you deal with this? My view is, that to end judgemental comments and bias it will take awareness, openness and practice on the behalf of the person who has limited vision. When dealing with people in the community it is really important not to take what they say, or how they say it, personally. It is not about me; it can be that the person has had a limited exposure to diversity. I would keep my communication neutral when conversing with the person. I am not there to judge the person, as I would be no different from them. The key to effective bias free communication is treating all people with respect and consideration regardless of other issues. Assessment tool 2 (AT2): Written / oral questions List 5 ways you can distribute information in your community about upcoming projects and relevant issues. Community notice board Flyers and pamphlets (individual drops to houses) Local newspaper Local radio Local television If you are in charge of a community initiative, how should you address people if they come to you wanting to talk about particular issues? The person in charge of a community initiative needs to be aware of the fact that you are in their community. The people in the community need to have input and ownership of initiatives or they will not fully support the programs implemented. There needs to be an evident benefit for them to overcome particular issues. The first thing to do is to treat people with the respect they deserve, listen intently and talk clearly to the person. The ability to treat people with honesty and integrity will be the foundation to a successful outcome. Just because you are in charge of an initiative this does not put you in a different class to people, you still have to be approachable to the people around you. All of this relates to have sound communication skills. Communication is the process of transferring a message between people using various methods. One skill is to make eye contact whether I am speaking or listening, to convey interest in the other person and what they are trying to say. Another strategy is to manifest a constructive attitude, as the attitude you have will have an impact on your interaction with other people. This attitude should involve being honest, patient, optimistic, sincere, respectful and accepting of others and their beliefs. Talking to the person is not effective if your body language does not match what you are trying to say. A conversation can stop before it starts, if your body language is saying you do not want to talk. Appropriate and clear language should be used, matched to the person you are communicating with. Using superior language would intimidate and confuse the person. An appropriate tone and volume can let the other person know that you mean what you say, have thought about what you are saying, and what you are saying is worth hearing. Using a propre tone helps ensure that the other person hears exactly what you are saying, and reduces possibilities for misunderstanding. Finally if you do not have effective listening skills the conversation will go no where. The other person may have some very important thoughts that you can learn from and use to develop the iniative further. Any input by interested parties can create a more successful outcome for all involved. What is the role of a mission statement? Think of some statements youve seen/heard. What did they mean to you and others in the community? The role of a mission statement is to identify the purpose and direction of an organization or company. The statement should guide the actions of the company or organization to provide a sense of direction, to make clear its overall goal and guide future decisions made. To the interested stakeholders outside of the company it will explain the intentions, priorities and values of the people inside of the group. If a mission statement does not address my core values and beliefs I would need to assess whether this is the right organisation to meet my needs. In the eyes of the community, mission statements will have no meaning if they are just ambiguous words that are not acted upon by the organization. What are some social, political and economic issues that might affect your community? Election of a new Prime Minister or Premier Inflation Unemployment Health Care Crime Immigration Interest Rates Poverty Homelessness Alcohol and Drug use Youth boredom Education Welfare Unskilled work force How can learning a new skill help someone to resolve personal issues? The chance to learn one new skill maybe all it takes to break a cycle. Its all about having the opportunity to use the new skills to address ongoing issues. Learning how to solve problems is a very useful tool in understanding and solving difficult situations. If we look at young children they have very limited problem-solving skills. Young children do not have the maturity to understand that solving problems is a social skill and that it is one of the most important life skills. As we develop we should develop this skill but some people are not shown techniques to achieve this in life. Solving problems is also about finding solutions to personal issues. If someone came to you with a problem that stemmed from beliefs different to your own, how would you help them? I would empathize with the other person, as it is a good way to show respect for others and their beliefs. If I am sensitive to his feelings I will develop an understanding of why they think and act as they do. It is important to think before you speak and be polite, as you do not wish to hurt the person with thoughtless words. I would not criticize the person for having beliefs different to my own. The fastest way to lose a relationship is to criticise what a person thinks is right or the beliefs they hold. Communication is all about building bridges instead of walls by genuinely appreciating the good that you see in others and showing respect to his ideas no matter how different his beliefs are from yours. I understand that everyone I meet is unique. Individuals from the same culture dont always share the same point of view and beliefs. The best way to approach this is by showing respect to what others think by respecting who they are and where they came from. I listen to what other people have to say, even if I dont agree. The best way to show respect to others belief is to listen to what they share with you. It can be surprising what new things youll learn from them. It will not only improve my listening skills, but I will also gain their trust and respect. Imagine you have set up a community group where each member speaks English apart from one. How would you enable this person to be an active member of the group? This person can participate in all facets of the group, especially if a buddy system is implemented to make their participation easier and by incorporating strategies to make the group socially inclusive. Good communication is the foundation of successful relationships, but people seem to rely mainly on communicating with words. Nonverbal communication, or body language can include our facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, posture, and even the tone of our voice. For this reason nonverbal communication is a vital form of communication. When we interact with others, we continuously give and receive countless wordless signals. The way you listen, look, move, and react tell the other person whether or not you care and how well youre listening. The nonverbal signals you send can produce a sense of interest, trust, and desire for connection. The human face is extremely expressive and able to express countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures. With the inclusion of visual aids to assist with body language

Personal Reflection Paper

Personal Reflection Paper Julius Moses HUM/111 10/07/2012 Sylvia Knust Critical thinking is the act of breaking down a given concept or idea in order to examine its individual parts. It is a somewhat exhaustive approach where the person aims to see an issue from all sides in order to develop an informed opinion. The three things that I learned in this course about critical thinking are to use your critical reading, listener, and viewing skills.The element of the critical thinking that I have learned throughout this course is to use my critical thinking skills to make discussion on things in life or when you have a problem that you will have to make a major discussion on and it will take critical reading, critical listening, and critical viewing to determine the outcome of the issue. When I first started this course my critical thinking skills weren’t as keen to the facts of thinking more on what discussion I was about to make or even to the point of even thinking that critical on things.Now going through this course it made me see that being able to thinking critically on the discussion that I am about to make or even if I am looking into a different situation that takes critical thinking to solve the problem. When I think of the my critical thinking and the way I was thinking from week until now that it is the end of the course I think that I had to reevaluate my thinking, because before my critical thinking skills was shortened and I wasn’t take my thinking to a level that I would even thinking that critical about.Through the course of this class I find it to be important to use your critical thinking skills to evaluate how you learn and to determine your discussion on the situation at hand. I think that my rating changed because when I learned throughout the course how to use your critical thinking skills to evaluate problem to determine the discussion that I have to make in different situation.To move from my current stage of critical thinking to a master stage of critical thinking I would have to make a good critical thinking plan that I can improve on and reach my goal to master my critical thinking to take it to that next level. Mastering critical thinking is a task that is not going to be easy but when the stage is reached it would make different situation easier when having to determine how solve the situation.

Ada-approved Fluoride Toothpaste

Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush as an accessory to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it serves as an abrasive that aids in removing the dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis, and delivers active ingredients (mainly fluoride) to help prevent tooth and gum disease (gingivitis). [1] Most of the cleaning is achieved by the mechanical action of the toothbrush, and not by the toothpaste.Salt and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) are among materials that can be substituted for commercial toothpaste. Toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed, but is generally not very harmful if accidentally swallowed in small amounts. Ingredients In addition to 20-42% water, toothpastes are derived from a variety of components, including three main ones: abrasives, fluoride, and detergents. Abrasives Abrasives constitute at least 50% of a typical toothpaste. These insoluble parti cles help remove plaque from the teeth.The removal of plaque and calculus helps minimize cavities and periodontal disease. [citation needed] Representative abrasives include particles of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), various calcium hydrogen phosphates, various silicas and zeolites, and hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH). Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in dentists' offices, also cause a small amount of enamel erosion which is termed â€Å"polishing† action. Some brands contain powdered white mica, which acts as a mild abrasive, and also adds a cosmetically pleasing glittery shimmer to the paste.The polishing of teeth removes stains from tooth surfaces, but has not been shown to improve dental health over and above the effects of the removal of plaque and calculus. [2] Fluorides Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active ingredient in toothpaste to prevent cavities. Fluoride occurs in small amounts in plants, animals, and some n atural water sources. The additional fluoride in toothpaste has beneficial effects on the formation of dental enamel and bones. Sodium luoride (NaF) is the most common source of fluoride, but stannous fluoride (SnF2), olaflur (an organic salt of fluoride), and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) are also used. Stannous fluoride has been shown to be more effective than sodium fluoride in reducing the incidence of dental caries[3] and controlling gingivitis. [4] Much of the toothpaste sold in the United States has 1000 to 1100 parts per million fluoride. In European countries, such as the UK or Greece, the fluoride content is often higher; a NaF of 0. 312% w/w (1,450 ppm fluoride) is not uncommon.Surfactants Many, although not all, toothpastes contain sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or related surfactants (detergents). SLS is found in many other personal care products, as well, such as shampoo, and is mainly a foaming agent, which enables uniform distribution of toothpaste, improving its cleansing power. [2] Other components Antibacterial agents Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is a common toothpaste ingredient in the United Kingdom. Triclosan or zinc chloride prevent gingivitis and, according to the American Dental Association, helps reduce tartar and bad breath. 1][5] A 2006 review of clinical research concluded there was evidence for the effectiveness of 0. 30% triclosan in reducing plaque and gingivitis. [6] Flavorants Toothpaste comes in a variety of colors, and flavors intended to encourage use of the product. Three most common flavorants are peppermint, spearmint, and wintergreen. Toothpaste flavored with peppermint-anise oil is popular in the Mediterranean region. These flavors are provided by the respective oils, e. g. peppermint oil. [2] More exotic flavors include anise, apricot, bubblegum, cinnamon, fennel, lavender, neem, ginger, vanilla, lemon, orange, and pine.More unusual flavors have been used, e. g. peanut butter, iced tea, and even whisky. Unfl avored toothpastes exist. Remineralizers Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and calcium phosphate are included in some formulations for remineralization,[7] i. e. the reformation of enamel. Miscellaneous components Agents are added to suppress the tendency of toothpaste to dry into a powder. Included are various sugar alcohols, such as glycerol, sorbitol, or xylitol, or related derivatives, such as 1,2-propylene glycol and polyethyleneglycol. [8] Strontium chloride or potassium nitrate is included in some toothpastes to reduce sensitivity.Sodium polyphosphate is added to minimize the formation of tartar. Safety Fluoride Although water fluoridation has been praised as one of the top medical achievements of the 20th century,[9] fluoride-containing toothpaste can be acutely toxic if swallowed in large amounts. [10][11] The risk of using fluoride is low enough that the use of ‘full-strength' toothpaste (1350-1500ppm fluoride) is advised for all ages (although smaller volumes are used for young children; a ‘smear' of toothpaste until three years old). [11] A major concern of dental fluorosis is for children under 12 months ingesting excessive fluoride through toothpaste.Several non-fluoride toothpastes are available. Diethylene glycol The inclusion of sweet-tasting but toxic diethylene glycol in Chinese-made toothpaste led to a several nation, multiple brand toothpaste recall in 2007. [12] The world outcry made Chinese officials ban the practice of using diethylene glycol in toothpaste. [13] Miscellaneous issues and debates With the exception of toothpaste intended to be used on pets such as dogs and cats, and toothpaste used by astronauts, most toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed, and doing so may cause nausea or diarrhea. Tartar fighting' toothpastes have been debated. [14] Case reports of plasma cell gingivitis have been reported with the use of herbal toothpaste containing cinnamon. [15] SLS has been proposed to increase the frequency of mouth ulcer s in some people, as it can dry out the protective layer of oral tissues, causing the underlying tissues to become damaged. [16] Alteration of taste perception After using toothpaste, orange juice and other juices have an unpleasant taste. This effect is attributed to products of the chemical reaction between stannous fluoride in toothpaste and the acetic acid in the juices. 17] Sodium lauryl sulfate alters taste perception. It can break down phospholipids that inhibit taste receptors for sweetness, giving food a bitter taste. In contrast, apples are known to taste more pleasant after using toothpaste. [18] Distinguishing between the hypotheses that the bitter taste of orange juice results from stannous fluoride or from sodium lauryl sulfate is still an unresolved issue and it is thought that the menthol added for flavor may also take part in the alteration of taste perception when binding to lingual cold receptors.Other types of toothpaste Whitening toothpastes Many toothpastes mak e whitening claims. Some of these toothpastes contain peroxide, the same ingredient found in tooth bleaching gels. The abrasive in these toothpaste remove the stains, not the peroxide. [19] Whitening toothpaste cannot alter the natural color of teeth or reverse discoloration by penetrating surface stains or decay. To remove surface stains, whitening toothpaste may include abrasives to gently polish the teeth, and/or additives such as sodium tripolyphosphate to break down or dissolve stains.When used twice a day, whitening toothpaste typically takes two to four weeks to make teeth appear more white. Whitening toothpaste is generally safe for daily use, but excessive use might damage tooth enamel. Teeth whitening gels represent an alternative. [20] Herbal and â€Å"natural† toothpastes Many consumers have started to switch over to natural toothpastes to avoid synthetic and artificial flavors that are commonly found in regular toothpastes. [21] Due to the increased demand of nat ural products, most of the toothpaste manufacturers now produce herbal toothpastes.This type of toothpaste does not contain dyes or artificial flavors. Many herbal toothpastes do not contain fluoride or sodium lauryl sulfate. The ingredients found in natural toothpastes vary widely but often include baking soda, aloe, eucalyptus oil, myrrh, plant extract (strawberry extract), and essential oils. In addition to the commercially available products, it is possible to make one's own toothpaste using similar ingredients. History Early toothpastes The Greeks, and then the Romans, improved the recipes for toothpaste by adding abrasives such as crushed bones and oyster shells. 22] In the 9th century, the Persian musician and fashion designer Ziryab invented a type of toothpaste, which he popularized throughout Islamic Spain. [23] The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are unknown,[24] but it was reported to have been both â€Å"functional and pleasant to taste†. [23] It is not know n whether these early toothpastes were used alone, were to be rubbed onto the teeth with rags, or were to be used with early toothbrushes, such as neem-tree twigs and miswak. Toothpastes or powders came into general use in the 19th century. Tooth powderTooth powders for use with toothbrushes came into general use in the 19th century in Britain. Most were homemade, with chalk, pulverized brick, or salt as ingredients. A 1866 Home Encyclopedia recommended pulverized charcoal, and cautioned that many patented tooth powders that were commercially marketed did more harm than good. Arm & Hammer marketed a baking soda-based toothpowder in the United States until approximately 2000, and Colgate currently markets toothpowder in India and other countries. Modern toothpaste An 18th century American and British toothpaste recipe called for burnt bread.Another formula around this time called for dragon's blood (a resin), cinnamon, and burnt alum. [25] By 1900, a paste made of hydrogen peroxide a nd baking soda was recommended for use with toothbrushes. Pre-mixed toothpastes were first marketed in the 19th century, but did not surpass the popularity of tooth-powder until World War I. In 1892, Doctor Washington Sheffield of London manufactured toothpaste into a collapsible tube, Dr. Sheffield's Creme Dentifrice. He had the idea after his son traveled to Paris and saw painters using paint from tubes.In York in 1896, Colgate & Company Dental Cream was packaged in collapsible tubes imitating Sheffield. The original collapsible toothpaste tubes were made of lead. [26][27] Fluoride was first added to toothpastes in the 1890s. â€Å"Tanagra†, containing calcium fluoride as the active ingredient, was sold by Karl F. Toellner Company, of Bremen, Germany, based upon the early work of chemist Albert Deninger. [28] An analogous invention by Roy Cross, of Kansas City, Mo. , was initially criticized by the American Dental Association (ADA) in 1937. Fluoride toothpastes developed in the 1950s received the ADA's approval.To develop the first ADA-approved fluoride toothpaste, Procter & Gamble started a research program in the early 1940s. In 1950, Procter & Gamble developed a joint research project team headed by Dr. Joseph Muhler at Indiana University to study new toothpaste with fluoride. In 1955, Procter & Gamble's Crest launched its first clinically proven fluoride-containing toothpaste. On August 1, 1960, the ADA reported that â€Å"Crest has been shown to be an effective anticavity (decay preventative) dentifrice that can be of significant value when used in a conscientiously applied program of oral hygiene and regular professional care. The amount of fluoride in toothpastes varies from country to country. In 2006 BioRepair appeared in Europe with the first toothpaste containing synthetic hydroxylapatite as an alternative to fluoride for the remineralization and reparation of tooth enamel. The â€Å"biomimetic hydroxylapatite† is intended to protec t the teeth by creating a new layer of synthetic enamel around the tooth instead of hardening the existing layer with fluoride that chemically changes it into fluorapatite. [29] In June 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration and similar agencies inPanama, Puerto Rico and Australia advised consumers to avoid certain brands of toothpaste manufactured in China after some were found to contain the poisonous diethylene glycol, also called diglycol or labeled as â€Å"DEG† on the tube. [30] Striped toothpaste Striped toothpaste was invented by a New Yorker named Leonard Lawrence Marraffino in 1955. The patent (US patent 2,789,731, issued 1957) was subsequently sold to Unilever, who marketed the novelty under the ‘Stripe' brand-name in the early 1960s. This was followed by the introduction of the ‘Signal' brand in Europe in 1965 (UK patent 813,514).Although ‘Stripe' was initially very successful, it never again achieved the 8% market share that it cornered durin g its second year. Marraffino's design, which remains in use for single-color stripes, is simple. The main material, usually white, sits at the crimp end of the toothpaste tube and makes up most of its bulk. A thin pipe, through which that carrier material will flow, descends from the nozzle to it. The stripe-material (this was red in ‘Stripe') fills the gap between the carrier material and the top of the tube. The two materials are not in separate compartments.The two materials are sufficiently viscous that they will not mix. When pressure is applied to the toothpaste tube, the main material squeezes down the thin pipe to the nozzle. Simultaneously, the pressure applied to the main material causes pressure to be forwarded to the stripe material, which then issues out through small holes (in the side of the pipe) onto the main carrier material as it is passing those holes. In 1990 Colgate-Palmolive was granted a patent (USPTO 4,969,767) for two differently colored stripes. In this scheme, the inner pipe has a cone-shaped plastic guard around it, and about half way up its length.Between the guard and the nozzle-end of the tube is then a space for the material for one color, which then issues out of holes in the pipe. On the other side of the guard is space for second stripe-material, which has its own set of holes. Striped toothpaste should not be confused with layered toothpaste. Layered toothpaste requires a multi-chamber design (e. g. USPTO 5,020,694), in which two or three layers then extrude out of the nozzle. This scheme, like that of pump dispensers (USPTO 4,461,403), is more complicated (and thus, more expensive to manufacture) than either the Marraffino design or the Colgate design.

A Critical Evaluation Of Theological Background - 1108 Words

Introduction Lehman Strauss’ article, â€Å"Why God became Man† defends and explains the reasons for the Incarnation of Jesus Christ by offering a strong Christian perspective and leveraging biblical text. Strauss was a Bible teacher, author, and speaker. He claimed his message was â€Å"for plain people.† Wilbur Smith declared Strauss’ Revelation study was the most helpful volume of the twentieth century. The following review presents a critical evaluation of theological background, topical understating, argument construction, opposing viewpoints, topic balance, focus, and conclusions found in the article. Critique Theological Background The article explores the legitimacy of the Incarnation of Jesus and displays Strauss’ strong Christian view.†¦show more content†¦An explanation of Philippians 2:5-10 and a seven-point presentation demonstrating Jesus’ humanity is next. He concludes with an additional seven points to show why Jesus came to dwell on earth. Strauss is sensitive to explain important terms and concepts like the definition of light and the beliefs of Docetism. Of particular note is his differentiation of the Incarnation as the â€Å"reality† and the Virgin Birth as the â€Å"method.† Opposite Views and Arguments Strauss counters arguments without deviating from the topic and occasionally presents opposing views such as evolution. Most subjects are only briefly touched and quickly refuted. Conversely, he does react significantly to the issue of anti-Semitism and argues for Jewish national restoration and regeneration. It is clear that the author’s intention is to teach believing Christians and not to argue with secular worldviews. One potential concern is a statement that the elements to create man’s body were â€Å"created long before man.† This assertion could cause some dissension among traditional believers who are short-term creationists. Topic Balance Representing a Christian worldview Strauss builds his case mostly using scripture as the source of truth. He conclusively declares, â€Å"Christ’s kingdom is literal.† However, he does not ignore opposing views such as Docetism. Since the topicShow MoreRelatedBiblical Approach : Canonical Criticism Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pages Canonical Criticism Introduction: This paper appraises the biblical approach known as Canonical criticism. The paper will illustrate the historical dimension of this biblical method, and its methodologies. It is assumed that the evaluation of the different canonical approaches by the two key scholars: Brevard Childs and James Sanders will explicate the principles of this biblical method, and of course supply insightful concepts for clearer understanding of the canon criticism. 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