Personal Reflection Paper

Personal Reflection Paper Julius Moses HUM/111 10/07/2012 Sylvia Knust Critical thinking is the act of breaking down a given concept or idea in order to examine its individual parts. It is a somewhat exhaustive approach where the person aims to see an issue from all sides in order to develop an informed opinion. The three things that I learned in this course about critical thinking are to use your critical reading, listener, and viewing skills.The element of the critical thinking that I have learned throughout this course is to use my critical thinking skills to make discussion on things in life or when you have a problem that you will have to make a major discussion on and it will take critical reading, critical listening, and critical viewing to determine the outcome of the issue. When I first started this course my critical thinking skills weren’t as keen to the facts of thinking more on what discussion I was about to make or even to the point of even thinking that critical on things.Now going through this course it made me see that being able to thinking critically on the discussion that I am about to make or even if I am looking into a different situation that takes critical thinking to solve the problem. When I think of the my critical thinking and the way I was thinking from week until now that it is the end of the course I think that I had to reevaluate my thinking, because before my critical thinking skills was shortened and I wasn’t take my thinking to a level that I would even thinking that critical about.Through the course of this class I find it to be important to use your critical thinking skills to evaluate how you learn and to determine your discussion on the situation at hand. I think that my rating changed because when I learned throughout the course how to use your critical thinking skills to evaluate problem to determine the discussion that I have to make in different situation.To move from my current stage of critical thinking to a master stage of critical thinking I would have to make a good critical thinking plan that I can improve on and reach my goal to master my critical thinking to take it to that next level. Mastering critical thinking is a task that is not going to be easy but when the stage is reached it would make different situation easier when having to determine how solve the situation.

Ada-approved Fluoride Toothpaste

Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush as an accessory to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it serves as an abrasive that aids in removing the dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis, and delivers active ingredients (mainly fluoride) to help prevent tooth and gum disease (gingivitis). [1] Most of the cleaning is achieved by the mechanical action of the toothbrush, and not by the toothpaste.Salt and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) are among materials that can be substituted for commercial toothpaste. Toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed, but is generally not very harmful if accidentally swallowed in small amounts. Ingredients In addition to 20-42% water, toothpastes are derived from a variety of components, including three main ones: abrasives, fluoride, and detergents. Abrasives Abrasives constitute at least 50% of a typical toothpaste. These insoluble parti cles help remove plaque from the teeth.The removal of plaque and calculus helps minimize cavities and periodontal disease. [citation needed] Representative abrasives include particles of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), various calcium hydrogen phosphates, various silicas and zeolites, and hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH). Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in dentists' offices, also cause a small amount of enamel erosion which is termed â€Å"polishing† action. Some brands contain powdered white mica, which acts as a mild abrasive, and also adds a cosmetically pleasing glittery shimmer to the paste.The polishing of teeth removes stains from tooth surfaces, but has not been shown to improve dental health over and above the effects of the removal of plaque and calculus. [2] Fluorides Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active ingredient in toothpaste to prevent cavities. Fluoride occurs in small amounts in plants, animals, and some n atural water sources. The additional fluoride in toothpaste has beneficial effects on the formation of dental enamel and bones. Sodium luoride (NaF) is the most common source of fluoride, but stannous fluoride (SnF2), olaflur (an organic salt of fluoride), and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) are also used. Stannous fluoride has been shown to be more effective than sodium fluoride in reducing the incidence of dental caries[3] and controlling gingivitis. [4] Much of the toothpaste sold in the United States has 1000 to 1100 parts per million fluoride. In European countries, such as the UK or Greece, the fluoride content is often higher; a NaF of 0. 312% w/w (1,450 ppm fluoride) is not uncommon.Surfactants Many, although not all, toothpastes contain sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or related surfactants (detergents). SLS is found in many other personal care products, as well, such as shampoo, and is mainly a foaming agent, which enables uniform distribution of toothpaste, improving its cleansing power. [2] Other components Antibacterial agents Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is a common toothpaste ingredient in the United Kingdom. Triclosan or zinc chloride prevent gingivitis and, according to the American Dental Association, helps reduce tartar and bad breath. 1][5] A 2006 review of clinical research concluded there was evidence for the effectiveness of 0. 30% triclosan in reducing plaque and gingivitis. [6] Flavorants Toothpaste comes in a variety of colors, and flavors intended to encourage use of the product. Three most common flavorants are peppermint, spearmint, and wintergreen. Toothpaste flavored with peppermint-anise oil is popular in the Mediterranean region. These flavors are provided by the respective oils, e. g. peppermint oil. [2] More exotic flavors include anise, apricot, bubblegum, cinnamon, fennel, lavender, neem, ginger, vanilla, lemon, orange, and pine.More unusual flavors have been used, e. g. peanut butter, iced tea, and even whisky. Unfl avored toothpastes exist. Remineralizers Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and calcium phosphate are included in some formulations for remineralization,[7] i. e. the reformation of enamel. Miscellaneous components Agents are added to suppress the tendency of toothpaste to dry into a powder. Included are various sugar alcohols, such as glycerol, sorbitol, or xylitol, or related derivatives, such as 1,2-propylene glycol and polyethyleneglycol. [8] Strontium chloride or potassium nitrate is included in some toothpastes to reduce sensitivity.Sodium polyphosphate is added to minimize the formation of tartar. Safety Fluoride Although water fluoridation has been praised as one of the top medical achievements of the 20th century,[9] fluoride-containing toothpaste can be acutely toxic if swallowed in large amounts. [10][11] The risk of using fluoride is low enough that the use of ‘full-strength' toothpaste (1350-1500ppm fluoride) is advised for all ages (although smaller volumes are used for young children; a ‘smear' of toothpaste until three years old). [11] A major concern of dental fluorosis is for children under 12 months ingesting excessive fluoride through toothpaste.Several non-fluoride toothpastes are available. Diethylene glycol The inclusion of sweet-tasting but toxic diethylene glycol in Chinese-made toothpaste led to a several nation, multiple brand toothpaste recall in 2007. [12] The world outcry made Chinese officials ban the practice of using diethylene glycol in toothpaste. [13] Miscellaneous issues and debates With the exception of toothpaste intended to be used on pets such as dogs and cats, and toothpaste used by astronauts, most toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed, and doing so may cause nausea or diarrhea. Tartar fighting' toothpastes have been debated. [14] Case reports of plasma cell gingivitis have been reported with the use of herbal toothpaste containing cinnamon. [15] SLS has been proposed to increase the frequency of mouth ulcer s in some people, as it can dry out the protective layer of oral tissues, causing the underlying tissues to become damaged. [16] Alteration of taste perception After using toothpaste, orange juice and other juices have an unpleasant taste. This effect is attributed to products of the chemical reaction between stannous fluoride in toothpaste and the acetic acid in the juices. 17] Sodium lauryl sulfate alters taste perception. It can break down phospholipids that inhibit taste receptors for sweetness, giving food a bitter taste. In contrast, apples are known to taste more pleasant after using toothpaste. [18] Distinguishing between the hypotheses that the bitter taste of orange juice results from stannous fluoride or from sodium lauryl sulfate is still an unresolved issue and it is thought that the menthol added for flavor may also take part in the alteration of taste perception when binding to lingual cold receptors.Other types of toothpaste Whitening toothpastes Many toothpastes mak e whitening claims. Some of these toothpastes contain peroxide, the same ingredient found in tooth bleaching gels. The abrasive in these toothpaste remove the stains, not the peroxide. [19] Whitening toothpaste cannot alter the natural color of teeth or reverse discoloration by penetrating surface stains or decay. To remove surface stains, whitening toothpaste may include abrasives to gently polish the teeth, and/or additives such as sodium tripolyphosphate to break down or dissolve stains.When used twice a day, whitening toothpaste typically takes two to four weeks to make teeth appear more white. Whitening toothpaste is generally safe for daily use, but excessive use might damage tooth enamel. Teeth whitening gels represent an alternative. [20] Herbal and â€Å"natural† toothpastes Many consumers have started to switch over to natural toothpastes to avoid synthetic and artificial flavors that are commonly found in regular toothpastes. [21] Due to the increased demand of nat ural products, most of the toothpaste manufacturers now produce herbal toothpastes.This type of toothpaste does not contain dyes or artificial flavors. Many herbal toothpastes do not contain fluoride or sodium lauryl sulfate. The ingredients found in natural toothpastes vary widely but often include baking soda, aloe, eucalyptus oil, myrrh, plant extract (strawberry extract), and essential oils. In addition to the commercially available products, it is possible to make one's own toothpaste using similar ingredients. History Early toothpastes The Greeks, and then the Romans, improved the recipes for toothpaste by adding abrasives such as crushed bones and oyster shells. 22] In the 9th century, the Persian musician and fashion designer Ziryab invented a type of toothpaste, which he popularized throughout Islamic Spain. [23] The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are unknown,[24] but it was reported to have been both â€Å"functional and pleasant to taste†. [23] It is not know n whether these early toothpastes were used alone, were to be rubbed onto the teeth with rags, or were to be used with early toothbrushes, such as neem-tree twigs and miswak. Toothpastes or powders came into general use in the 19th century. Tooth powderTooth powders for use with toothbrushes came into general use in the 19th century in Britain. Most were homemade, with chalk, pulverized brick, or salt as ingredients. A 1866 Home Encyclopedia recommended pulverized charcoal, and cautioned that many patented tooth powders that were commercially marketed did more harm than good. Arm & Hammer marketed a baking soda-based toothpowder in the United States until approximately 2000, and Colgate currently markets toothpowder in India and other countries. Modern toothpaste An 18th century American and British toothpaste recipe called for burnt bread.Another formula around this time called for dragon's blood (a resin), cinnamon, and burnt alum. [25] By 1900, a paste made of hydrogen peroxide a nd baking soda was recommended for use with toothbrushes. Pre-mixed toothpastes were first marketed in the 19th century, but did not surpass the popularity of tooth-powder until World War I. In 1892, Doctor Washington Sheffield of London manufactured toothpaste into a collapsible tube, Dr. Sheffield's Creme Dentifrice. He had the idea after his son traveled to Paris and saw painters using paint from tubes.In York in 1896, Colgate & Company Dental Cream was packaged in collapsible tubes imitating Sheffield. The original collapsible toothpaste tubes were made of lead. [26][27] Fluoride was first added to toothpastes in the 1890s. â€Å"Tanagra†, containing calcium fluoride as the active ingredient, was sold by Karl F. Toellner Company, of Bremen, Germany, based upon the early work of chemist Albert Deninger. [28] An analogous invention by Roy Cross, of Kansas City, Mo. , was initially criticized by the American Dental Association (ADA) in 1937. Fluoride toothpastes developed in the 1950s received the ADA's approval.To develop the first ADA-approved fluoride toothpaste, Procter & Gamble started a research program in the early 1940s. In 1950, Procter & Gamble developed a joint research project team headed by Dr. Joseph Muhler at Indiana University to study new toothpaste with fluoride. In 1955, Procter & Gamble's Crest launched its first clinically proven fluoride-containing toothpaste. On August 1, 1960, the ADA reported that â€Å"Crest has been shown to be an effective anticavity (decay preventative) dentifrice that can be of significant value when used in a conscientiously applied program of oral hygiene and regular professional care. The amount of fluoride in toothpastes varies from country to country. In 2006 BioRepair appeared in Europe with the first toothpaste containing synthetic hydroxylapatite as an alternative to fluoride for the remineralization and reparation of tooth enamel. The â€Å"biomimetic hydroxylapatite† is intended to protec t the teeth by creating a new layer of synthetic enamel around the tooth instead of hardening the existing layer with fluoride that chemically changes it into fluorapatite. [29] In June 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration and similar agencies inPanama, Puerto Rico and Australia advised consumers to avoid certain brands of toothpaste manufactured in China after some were found to contain the poisonous diethylene glycol, also called diglycol or labeled as â€Å"DEG† on the tube. [30] Striped toothpaste Striped toothpaste was invented by a New Yorker named Leonard Lawrence Marraffino in 1955. The patent (US patent 2,789,731, issued 1957) was subsequently sold to Unilever, who marketed the novelty under the ‘Stripe' brand-name in the early 1960s. This was followed by the introduction of the ‘Signal' brand in Europe in 1965 (UK patent 813,514).Although ‘Stripe' was initially very successful, it never again achieved the 8% market share that it cornered durin g its second year. Marraffino's design, which remains in use for single-color stripes, is simple. The main material, usually white, sits at the crimp end of the toothpaste tube and makes up most of its bulk. A thin pipe, through which that carrier material will flow, descends from the nozzle to it. The stripe-material (this was red in ‘Stripe') fills the gap between the carrier material and the top of the tube. The two materials are not in separate compartments.The two materials are sufficiently viscous that they will not mix. When pressure is applied to the toothpaste tube, the main material squeezes down the thin pipe to the nozzle. Simultaneously, the pressure applied to the main material causes pressure to be forwarded to the stripe material, which then issues out through small holes (in the side of the pipe) onto the main carrier material as it is passing those holes. In 1990 Colgate-Palmolive was granted a patent (USPTO 4,969,767) for two differently colored stripes. In this scheme, the inner pipe has a cone-shaped plastic guard around it, and about half way up its length.Between the guard and the nozzle-end of the tube is then a space for the material for one color, which then issues out of holes in the pipe. On the other side of the guard is space for second stripe-material, which has its own set of holes. Striped toothpaste should not be confused with layered toothpaste. Layered toothpaste requires a multi-chamber design (e. g. USPTO 5,020,694), in which two or three layers then extrude out of the nozzle. This scheme, like that of pump dispensers (USPTO 4,461,403), is more complicated (and thus, more expensive to manufacture) than either the Marraffino design or the Colgate design.

A Critical Evaluation Of Theological Background - 1108 Words

Introduction Lehman Strauss’ article, â€Å"Why God became Man† defends and explains the reasons for the Incarnation of Jesus Christ by offering a strong Christian perspective and leveraging biblical text. Strauss was a Bible teacher, author, and speaker. He claimed his message was â€Å"for plain people.† Wilbur Smith declared Strauss’ Revelation study was the most helpful volume of the twentieth century. The following review presents a critical evaluation of theological background, topical understating, argument construction, opposing viewpoints, topic balance, focus, and conclusions found in the article. Critique Theological Background The article explores the legitimacy of the Incarnation of Jesus and displays Strauss’ strong Christian view.†¦show more content†¦An explanation of Philippians 2:5-10 and a seven-point presentation demonstrating Jesus’ humanity is next. He concludes with an additional seven points to show why Jesus came to dwell on earth. Strauss is sensitive to explain important terms and concepts like the definition of light and the beliefs of Docetism. Of particular note is his differentiation of the Incarnation as the â€Å"reality† and the Virgin Birth as the â€Å"method.† Opposite Views and Arguments Strauss counters arguments without deviating from the topic and occasionally presents opposing views such as evolution. Most subjects are only briefly touched and quickly refuted. Conversely, he does react significantly to the issue of anti-Semitism and argues for Jewish national restoration and regeneration. It is clear that the author’s intention is to teach believing Christians and not to argue with secular worldviews. One potential concern is a statement that the elements to create man’s body were â€Å"created long before man.† This assertion could cause some dissension among traditional believers who are short-term creationists. 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The Effects Of Television Violence On Children - 978 Words

Television has become one of the most, if not the most, used form of entertainment for all ages. Every TV show has some kind of age limit whether it’s rated G or R, it’s not always easy for parents to moderate what their children are watching. Young children are very moldable, not only by the people around them, but what is on TV. I have conducted an experiment to see how much violence and aggression are in everyday television shows that children are likely to watch. I have watched three different half hour TV shows, tallying the amount of aggressive, and prosocial behaviors that occur on the shows. The first show watched was a typical Saturday morning TV show, SpongeBob. The second show watched is a prosocial TV program, Sesame Street. The third show watched is an adult cartoon, Family Guy, which is meant for adults but a high population of children are the audience. The independent variable of this experiment is the different levels of each show’s aggression or prosocial behaviors. The dependent variable is the aggression or prosocial level of the TV show, since I have no child to study for this project. This experiment very much relates to another experiment called the Bobo Doll experiment. Children in the experiment are from ages 3-6 are either shown an aggressive video of the Bobo doll beaten, or a video with nothing aggressive. The results showed that the majority of children who were shown the aggression video imitated the same actions and more to the Bobo doll. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Television Violence on Children1315 Words   |  6 Pages Shortly after a Boston television station showed a movie depicting teenagers dousing a derelict with gasoline and setting him afire, six youths attacked a woman and set her on fire in an identical manner. Several months later, NBC televised Born Innocent, a made-for-television- movie, which showed the sexual violation of a young girl with a broom handle. Three days after this program aired, a group of girls committed a similar attack on another 9-year-old girl (â€Å"Wild† A20). These are justRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children1735 Words   |  7 Pageswatches approximately 23 hours of television weekly. Children spend more time watching TV than doing any other leisure activity. By the time they finish high school, most have spent more time in front of the TV than in the classroom (Strasburger, 1995). On average, a child will see 18,000 murders, robberies, bombings, assaults, and beatings in their years of watching television (Liebowitz, 1997). Not to mention all the food commercials. In today s society, the television is used for more than just entertainmentRead MoreTelevision Violence and Its Effect on Children867 Words   |  4 PagesTelevision Violence and Its Effect on Children The children of today are surrounded by technology and entertainment that is full of violence. It is estimated that the average child watches from three to five hours of television a day! (Neilson 1993). Listening to music is also a time consuming pastime among children. With all of that exposure, one might pose the question, How can seeing so much violence on television and video games and hearing about violence in in music affect a childs behaviorRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children915 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Today violence is the gold of television. Violence has become a high demand by the viewers. The more violence equals more views which equals more demand. According to Hamilton (2002), â€Å"Children are not the target of advertisers on most violent programs. But their exposure to violent images can lead to social damages not factored into decisions about when to air programs and where to draw the line on content† (p. 18). The controversial debate that television violence influence children is nothingRead MoreEffects Of Television Violence On Children Essay1722 Words   |  7 PagesEffect of Television Violence Program on Children Now more and more violence television shows appear on the screen. A lot of television shows will remind that is available for certain range of audience. Of course, elementary school student, mostly watch cartoon. However, the television production people will add violence into the show. This study aimed to demonstrate the gender-specific impact of violence-oriented television cartoons for children, and to identify the behaviors demonstrating thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children1552 Words   |  7 Pagesleisure 2.8 hours of television a day. There is the constant outcry from parents and teachers that children are growing to be television-obsessed zombies, or that the exposure to violence from their favorite shows are going to cause aggressive actions. But if that is true, then how is it that we as adults are able to stop ourselves from murdering everyone we see, especially if we have so many television programs with violence as a feature? The effect that television violence has on us does not comeRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesThis guest teaches your children to resolve conflicts through violence. The guest baby sits your kids and teaches them principles you don’t agree with. Does watching violence in TV is harmful for your children? Is it Ok to let the 2 year olds watch TV unsupervised? No says the American replacing baby sitters? Hypothesis: Extensive viewing of television violence causes children to behave in aggressive or harmful ways to others. Children model behavior they see in the media, she wrote in 1993. IfRead MoreEffects of Television Violence and Children3538 Words   |  15 PagesEffects of Television violence and Children Outline: I.THESIS STAEMENT: Although the television serves as a form of entertainment, when you abuse its use, and make it a habit to watch, it gives negative effects on the behavior of children especially in their brain’s development. II. PORPUSE OF THE RESEARCH III. INTRODUCTION IV. HIPOTHESIS amp; METHOD A. CHILDREN QUESTIONNAIRE 1. HOW IT CAN AFFECT VIEWER’S BEHAVIOUR 2. CHILDREN RESPONSES B. EFFECTS amp; RESULTS 1. NEGATIVE EFFECTS a. Behavior ofRead MoreThe Effects of Television Violence on Children Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pages Thesis Statement: Unsupervised children who watch violence on television exhibit violence in their everyday lives and develop into aggressive adults. â€Å"Research shows that television violence increases levels of aggression, fear, and desensitization among some who consume it† (Hamilton). This quotation by James Hamilton briefly summarizes the potentially negative effects of television on young minds. A child’s favorite television show can keep a child occupied while the mother preparesRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Television Violence on Children712 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effects of Television Violence on Children According to the Article ?Violence on Television? published by the American Psychological Association at the website http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/violence.html, ?violent programs on television lead to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch those programs.? Thats the word from a 1982 report by the National Institute of Mental Health, a report that confirmed and extended an earlier study done by the Surgeon General. As a result of

Gender Roles And Societal Norms - 2024 Words

We all had our share of favorite Disney films when we were growing up. Girls lean more toward all of the Disney princess films. One Disney princess in particular that everyone loves is Cinderella. Cinderella is what every little girl wishes they could be, with her long blonde hair, and finding her prince charming. However, â€Å"By looking a little bit further into Disney films, we realize that they were setting up gender roles for us as kids, that we aren t completely comfortable with today† (â€Å"Gender Roles in Disney Films†). Now, as adults we realize that Cinderella was mainly about gender roles and societal norms. â€Å"Results suggest that the prince and princess characters differ in their portrayal of traditionally masculine and feminine characteristics, these gender role portrayals are complex, and trends towards egalitarian gender roles are not linear over time† (England, Descartes and Collier-Meek). First off, Cinderella is a beautiful, skinny girl wi th not a flaw to her skin. This is the way society depicts what a girl should look like. Society drills this into our heads at early ages. â€Å"From an early age, mainstream media puts images into our brains, telling us what is appropriate for our gender type. Young girls are hounded with images of princesses, who tell them that the key to happiness is being fashionable, beautiful, and finding a prince to save you† (â€Å"Gender Roles in Disney Films†). That is why little girls want to be just like the princesses that Disney created but,Show MoreRelatedGender Roles Are Set Of Societal Norms1530 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Gender roles are set of societal norms dictating the types of behavior which are genrally considered acceptable , appropriate based on their actual or perceived sex or sexuality of the person. Gender roles are also determined by the prevailing cultural norms. Gender stereotypes also alters the the attitudes, traits, and behavior patterns of males and females. Gender stereotypes on the basis of sexism, or the prejudiced beliefs that value males over females. Common forms of sexism inRead MoreGender Roles Are A Set Of Societal Norms Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Gender roles are a set of societal norms dictating the types of behaviors which are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people based on their actual or perceived sex or sexuality† (Oxford). Is it a boy or girl? What sport will he play? When will she take dance lessons? Women shouldn’t have jobs! Men should work while women take care of the house! Women belong in the kitchen! Men don’t do household chores! These are just some examples of stereotypes adopted by societyRead MoreSocial Construction Theory : The Product Of Society And History851 Words   |  4 Pagesevery person; they are the values, norms, values, and images in society that are combined, constructed, or created. Societal pressures and the media offer racial, gender, and sexual biases which society uses to form a complete portrayal of each group. From a gender inequality approach, social construction theorists argue that societal and historical beliefs determine the characteristics for each gender. Societal pressure forces men and women into their inherent roles which they may not fall into naturallyRead MoreQuestions On Door Holding Exchanges1056 Words   |  5 Pagesaccepted as a societal norm. Some researchers have looked at door holding from an altruistic standpoint and looked at courteous behavior, under the assumption that this behavior may be selfishly motivated, that one may get something in return. 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The Human Resource Issues Faced By the Organization

Question: Identify an HRM issues which has an Impact on the Performance of the Company. Answer: Introduction The businesses in the current situation are facing the pressure of competition and globalization due to which the roles and responsibilities of the human resource management has been transformed drastically. There is now demand of long-term HR manager, though the global supply of talent are becoming very short. In the current situation of competitive market place for labor and product, there is an increase in the gap regarding the difficulty of manpower all over the place. Now, each and every association in order to get success in the market is putting more stress on the human resource executives. This is mainly due to the fact that they are competing very important planned role in this competitive commercial world. In the changing global market conditions, the HR administrators along with the business have to adopt the human resource practices with it. No matter how small or big your company be, you cannot run your business without people. There for getting the right people for the job has been a challenge for centuries. Even if you have the right people for the job, maintaining, rewarding, training and appraising has been another challenge to overcome. According to management study guide (https://www.managementstudyguide.com/human-resource-management.htm) the first definition of HRM is that it is the process of managing people in organizations in a structured and thorough manner. For centuries, people have been trying to find best models and theories to manage people. Because people are the back bone of any business and they are responsible for the success and failure of the company. Therefore companies mainly focus on the two main aspects of HRM, which are, to improve the employee performance and enhance organization effectiveness(Bratton Gold , 2012). The main purpose of this report is to analyses the whole course of human resource management that comprises the staffing and selection process, development of the employees, performance of the employees, employees relationship with their team-members and seniors and their flexibility. This study will judgmentally understand the different roles cooperated by people in an organization. It will then appraise the administration of the people as commercial resource integral to various organizational approaches. The study will also portray the importance of recruitment, development and retention process in a company. The discourse will then try to understand the issues surrounding the management of the human resources. The organization The government of Maldives comprises of 15 Ministries (www.presidencymaldives.com). According to the Maldives Constitution, each Ministry is headed by a Minister, who will be accountable to the President and the Peoples Majlis, the Parliament. Each of the 15 ministries has several departments under the Minister, with clear responsibilities, prescribed by the President, which is approved by the Peoples Majlis. The National Institute of Education (NIE) is one of the 5 departments under the Ministry of Education. NIE has major four functions. They are Prepare school national curriculum and teaching materials Conduct professional development programs for teachers Conduct educational research Conduct continuing education for adults To elaborate the above four core functions, further 21 responsibilities were given to NIE. NIE has six departments within the organization. They are Department of Curriculum Department of Teacher Development Department of Research and Innovation Department of Early childhood and Development Department of Continuing Education Department of Cooperate Affairs The institute has two different categories of staff. They are professional staff and administrative staff. The professional staff is the people who deal with professional work such as developing curriculum and research, while administrative staff provides assistance in daily tasks in the areas of finance and human resources. According to the website of NIE (www.nie.edu.mv) , the vision and mission are as follows: NIE MISSION Facilitating life-long learning through collaborative research and innovation NIE VISION The Institution for educational empowerment, innovation, and excellence The core value of the institute is: NIE Core-Values Accountability Quality Innovation Communication Collaboration Dynamism In 2006, government has decided to review the existing school curriculum which was written in 1998. A minor revision to the curriculum was brought in 2000. But it was decided that Maldives need a new version of school curriculum to meet the 21st century. Various discussions with stake holders such as schools, parents, academics were conducted from 2006 to 2011 before the first syllabi were prepared. In 2011, some of the schools in the Maldives piloted the new curriculum. After four years of piloting the new curriculum, government decided to introduce the new curriculum in 2015. The staff of NIE, in collaboration with the Cambridge University Press (India) started writing the text books for students and teachers for key stage one, which is for primary grade one to three. The Institute is responsible for preparing text books for students and teachers and at the same time training teachers for the new curriculum. The government has decided that each year a key stage will be introduced. So the staff of NIE has lot of work to do in a given year. The Problem: In Maldives, the government employees are categorized as political appointees and civil service staff. Political appointees are people who are appointed by the President. Civil Service Staff are appointed by the Civil Service Commission and are always appointed based on their merit and public announcement. The civil service commission of the Maldives was established in 2008, under the civil service act. Prior to the establishment of Civil Service Commission, all appointments of government staff are carried out by the public service division of the presidents office. In 2007, the Parliament passed a bill in which all employees are entitled to certain days as paid leave. The leave which is prescribed in the Employment Act is: 30 days paid leave 30 days paid sick leave 10 days paid family leave The working hours for government offices and state institute are from 8am to 2pm. Friday and Saturdays are considered as weekends. Apart from the weekends, government is closed for public holidays. Most of the years, there will be about 19 public holidays. After the introduction of the Employment Act, many staff has started taking leave even if they are not sick. Staffs find it their right to take leave. The National Institute of Education has very important tasks when implementing the national curriculum. The most important tasks are to prepare text books and train teachers to the curriculum. So it will be impossible to complete the assigned responsibilities if the staff takes leave (Boxall and Purcell, 2011). Currently all staff at NIE take all the leaves prescribed in the Employment Act. If we deduct all weekends and the prescribed leave and the public holidays in a calendar year, only 175 days are left to work. Literature Review The history of human resource management could be dated back to 19th Century, when come companies in US and Europe employed welfare officers to look after the wellbeing of their employees (University of London, 2013). As companies started recognizing the importance of their staff in early 1980s, personnel administration became Human Resource Management (HRM). According to business directory (https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/human-resource-management-HRM.html) human resource management (HRM) is the process of hiring and developing employees so that they become more valuable to the organization. Therefore undoubtedly the most valued asset of any organization is its workforce ( Amstrong, 2006). According to Amstrong (2006) human resource management is strategic and coherent management of employees. By these two definitions, we understand the importance of employees to any organization. The success of any company depends on the work force (Boxall and Purcell, 2011). So companies across the globe put an extra effort to keep employees happy. To provide any service, you need people. Behind any service or product, there is a human mind, efforts and working hours. No service or product could be introduced without the involvement of a human brain or his efforts. Many academics believe that HRM depends on three major principals (Brown, 2011). The first principal is the recognition from the employer that employees are the most important assets of the organization. The second principal, according to Armstrong (2006) is that organizational success is most likely to be achieved if the personnel policies and procedures of the enterprise are closely linked with, and make a major contribution to, the achievement of corporate objectives and strategic plans." The third principal is to find, retain, and develop the people, whose talents meet the operating needs and objectives of the company. There are four important aspects in HRM. They are Human Resource Planning Recruitment Retaining Staff Staff Development Each of the above areas has many important sub activities or roles. The Human Resource planning usually undertakes the personnel needs of the organization. The process of recruitment mainly involves in selecting the best candidate for the desired job (Deadrick and Stone, 2014). Retaining of the staff mainly deals with offering them with correct remuneration based on their contribution to the success of the company and also in providing with other benefits such as health, housing etc (Falcone, 2010). The staff developments mainly focus on improving the performance of the staff by giving necessary training and develop skills and attitudes needed for the job. HRM in NIE The National Institute of Education (NIE) has separate section responsible for all HR issues. The section is headed by an Assistant Director. The NIE has an organization structure designed to carry out the activities prescribed in their mandate. The HR section is responsible for planning, recruitment, retaining and development of all staff in NIE. The HR issue in NIE: Like most of the civil service organizations, absenteeism is an issue at the National Institute of Education. Unlike other civil service organizations, NIE has important tasks to be delivered on specific time period (GAUDINE et al., 2011). Absenteeism can be considered as when an individual is not presently available at a particular place and on a particular time in any organization (Guest, 2011). It does not include any authorized leave or any annual leave. The absence of employee occurs when an individual is not present in the workplace either authorized or not. Absenteeism has a very devastating or negative impact in NIE as it leads to reduced employee productivity. It also aids in reducing the employee morale and also increases the overhead costs of a corporation. The Roles Played by People in Organizations People play a significant role in the occupation of the association. The associates of the organizations must be coerced, encouraged or enforced to contribute in it. People usually contribute in a corporation if they are going to gain somewhat out of them. Individuals tend to recognize themselves with the association in which they contribute (Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick, 2006). There is always a very close empathy between the working class encouragement on the one side and their empathy with the association on the other. The grade of their recognition with the company depends on the environment and force of the motives contributing in them. The motives of the people play an imperative part or role in the contentment of the organizational goals (Grtz and Andersson, 2013). The accomplishment of any association does not only depend on the proper management and collaboration of its associates but also on the collaboration of the others. Some of the important roles played by people in an organization are listed below: Directors: Directors are the ones who create the business plans. Directors sits on the topmost position because they are specialist in the in the particular line of the business. The Managing Director The managing Director of any company is the figure head of it. They have the job of organizing and controlling the resources (Kramar, 2013). Their main objective is to get the work done with or through the people. They have huge impacts on the issue of absenteeism in a company as their decisions of getting the work done quickly may sometimes harsh the working environment. Senior Managers They are the people who take top level judgments by regarding where an association functions and what it creates or does (Mondy, Noe and Premeaux, 2002). They take their decisions by going through detailed analysis of the situation. Supervisory Management They are the backbone of a company. They are the people who have to get the work done in the ground level as they are always concerned about making sure that the orders get out of time. They are the ones who make sure what people and resources they need to use to complete the operation. Operatives These peoples are at the ground level but that does not make them less important. They are still very important (Noe, 2006). Operatives individual need to be carried out with care and precision. Management of People as a Business Resource Integral to Organisational Strategies The world has been changed from the rugs to digital, but it does not mean that organizations can underestimate the potentiality of the employees as these are very important persons behind the operations. Every part of the business gets commenced due to the involvement of the employees and if an organization understands the human element, then they are surely more profitable, and can gain the efficiency of leading more effectively (Ocansey, 2016). Understanding the human commencement and element enables a firm to create brand loyalty, and also helps them to close more deals and to do better work. Taking this approach enables affirm to consider the employees motivations that can help the management to more empathic on the employees. Individuals have always been significant to NIE as they provide motivation, creativity, apparition and motivation that keep an organization alive. They deliver the services and abilities that are essential in the business operations (Perrew, 2011). In addition to this, they also provide a labor that creates the goods and facilities that an organization supplies. They are always the chief and most important part of a company (Grtz and Andersson, 2013). Excellent organization like NIE recognize the values and vital involvement that people makes to their accomplishment. This then suggests that in order to be fruitful, organization have to safeguard that they have the persons they actually need. An organization cannot determine what people they actually need unless it understands what it needs to achieve (Renn, Steinbauer and Fenner, 2014). Many organizations struggle in getting the righty candidates as they really dont understand what they actually need to do. Company has to start with the development of an efficient business plan, which should be based on its strategy, identified objectives, targets and priorities. As the world is continuously changing and there is ever-increasing pressure of customers preferences, it is likely that organizations have to alter its people resource (Part Four: Individual Employment Relationship, 2013). It could be done in number or by changing the focus of its activity. Companies have to involve its people in this planning process as if there is any change; it may be upsets them. There are many components that can be included into company overall business strategy. Along with other important departments like IT, sales and marketing, etc. people management is also a key player in the organizational success. Some of the people management strategies that a company could and need to adopt are specified below: Recruitment and selection Training and development Performance Management Employee engagement Rewards and Recognition The Importance of Recruitment, Selection, Development and Retention The staffing and selection procedure are very important themes in the human resource management as it ensures that the organizations have the essential skills, capabilities and knowledge that will allow the organization to endure into the future. The strategic potential of the staffing and selection section is to enhance the organizational presentation by putting lot of stress on the getting the right candidate for the vacant post (Casale, 2011). In most of the HRM practices, performance in conceptualized on the strict economic terms by excluding the considerations of the issues of fairness and acceptability. Staffing, assortment and retaining forms the parts of the human resource which is usually a continuing process (Falcone, 2010). All corporations strive to meet the organizational objectives and purposes as long as the customer needs are getting fulfilled. Staffing follows from the job examination as one component of the HR planning. After regulating the type and amount of staffs needed through the HR plan and classifying the various rudiments of the job analysis, the major difficulty that comes before the HRM is the procurement of the workers. The main objective of the human resource department is to gain high quality and talented employees at minimum cost by seeking the forthcoming employees and inspiring them to concern for a job. The HR managers have to attract job applicants who have the skills and potentials for the vacant posts or the task that needs to be performed (Employment relationship, 2011). The screening process of the candidates includes the inspection of the position by setting up the job explanation and job stipulations and then seeing the various bases of employees. Once the staffing process is achieved, the next step is the assortment of suitable applicants (Yeung, 2011). Selection here can be demarcated as the procedure by which an association efforts to identify the candidates with the essential knowledge, services and abilities. The assortment process is a system of purposes and devices that is adopted in a given corporation to determine whether the candidates qualifications are matched with the necessity or not (Falcone, 2010). The selection manner is very important in NIE as it satisfies that there are some standard of the personal with which a forthcoming employee may be associated. Retaining is the procedure of manipulating the personnel to stay in the organization as their skills are very appreciated for the success of the commercial operations (Yaseen, 2016). Once a qualified applicant has been employed, then there is urging to make him or her to stay in the company longer. Thus the staffing, selection and preservation is critical to an effectual HR management but it must be experienced within the background of the other HR subjects such as training and development. Impact of Absenteeism on Performance: For every organization or employers, earning a high level of productivity is always a main concern. But unfortunately the unplanned absence of the employees has its impact on the organizational performance and its productivity (Armstrong, 2005). Organizations over the years have tried to find out the means for improving the employee resource supervision with an internal interest of dropping the employee work absenteeism and to preserve a low level of worker turnover in the business (Power, 2004). In order to reduce the employee absenteeism, various methods have been utilized by the companies such as employee motivation, shift work system, team work (MacLean, 2008). Casio 2003 defined absenteeism as the failure of an employee to report regardless of a specific reason that expresses a monetary implication. Excessive absenteeism involves a very considerable loss to any enterprise as it may lead to an upset work schedule and then management has to give overtime pays to meet up the distri bution dates. The cost of absenteeism is very huge as it is one of the contributory factors that works as the failure of the enterprise According to Kronos Incorporation, the total paid up cost off as a percentage of payrolls, when accounting for both direct and indirect costs ranges from 20 to 22 percent in US (Jackson, 2002). The unplanned absence of the employees has a very negative effect on the organizations compared to the planned absence. Employees who have the habit of getting absent become a liability to the corporation and the rest of the workers. They are a monetary liability because of the drop in the output which is caused by their nonappearance and also the cost of fetching the provisional replacement. Employees who are regularly inattentive from the work prevent in ranging and developing a productive continuity. The team then in absence of its member has to adjust to certain employees not being in their respective fields. The constant flow of temporary replacement due to the employee absenteeism makes it very tough for the managers to determine the actual skills of the absent employee (Katou, 2011). If an employee is allowed to attain a successive number for absence without incurring any penalty can hurts the other employee performance. An employee is selected mainly due to its educational background and professional experience, and is the employee is having poor attendance; he or she will be unable to develop skills to other job duties and will offer no worth to the corporation in completing its objectives. Absenteeism is not only determines the employees career but also the organization bottom line (Vansina, 2013). Widespread absent on the workplace could lead to an indication of managerial issues such as low employee ethic or unpleasant working environment. Employees who are present regularly can gain negative impact on the work as he or she may get frustrated by giving them an increased overload of the work. Social and Economic Issues: It is a common sense that when a teacher is absent from the school, student learning is disrupted. The student performance can be significantly affected in a negative way if a teacher is repeatedly absent. It has been proved in a report that 1 out of every 10 teachers deemed to be chronically absent (Tanaka, 2013). The absenteeism of the teachers is a very serious issue in NIE as the replacements would be very difficult to find and there will always a possibility to find a less qualified and experienced person. Although the Maldives government has introduced work time reduction schemes to reduce the employee absenteeism, it is not completely known whether they are effective (Torrez and Claunch-Lebsack, 2014). In order to appreciate the reason and causes of absenteeism, it is essential to study the behavior of the teachers and schools at the micro and ground level (Lu et al., 2014). The main challenge lays in distinguishing the causal mechanism that arises due to the confounding facto rs. Solution and Recommendation Employee absence always has a very serious effect on many employers. Around 75 percentage of the HR specialists believe that workers absence have a very large influence on the company revenue and production (Kramar, 2013). Despite the huge costs linked with employee absenteeism, many of the companies are not actively gauging the influence of the employee absenteeism. Some of the ways to reduce the employee absenteeism that could benefit the NIE are specified below: Keeping the track of the employee absence is a great way to reduce the costs. According to Kroner, only 25 percent of the defendants said that their association precisely tracks the records of organizations absence (Houghton, 2014). Using an absence management system to track up the employee absence will help the NIE to ensure that the workers dont abuse their sick time or go over the assigned number of permitted absence. NIE could also try to change the employee manners through the wellness platforms. There is a strong connection between the wellness programs of the employees and the efficiency. It is found that high efficiency establishments with great wellness creativities faced lower unintended absences. NIE should also ensure that all staffs know what they need to do when they are late or miss a day. In this way the employees would not take of burden of overdose work unless it is necessary (Grg, 2016). The organization can also consider varying the agendas when it is suitable to adapt differing employee requirements. The present working situation is quickly altering. As quantity of the association, Human Resource Management has to prepare to pact with the results of changing the business environment. Business in the present condition doesnt have the countrywide margins to reach around the sphere (Deadrick and Stone, 2014). Employers for the upcoming trends want the workers to have the working acquaintance of the language and principles mainly in terms of ethics, principles, laws and customs of the hosting nation. HRM have to advance the apparatuses that will benefit the culturally diverse individuals to work together. HRM also have to be conscious of the age variances that are present in the todays work force. HRM have to train the people of dissimilar age bars to efficiently accomplish and contract with each other in order to admire the mixture of views of the others (Al Ariss and Sidani, 2016). As industries now have prospects to grow but at the same time, the prerequisite for the talented staf fs and workers are declining. HRM individuals have to confirm that correct communiqu has been taken place during the work time and they must try to diminish the undesirable consequences of the conflicts. HRM will have to act as dynamic role in the continuous improvements programs of the company. Whenever a corporation tries to implement any development programs, it is then presenting change in the association (Al Ariss and Sidani, 2016). Under these circumstances, HRM must prepare the employees for the change. In view of that, HRM must have the apparatuses in place for the employees to get a suitable course of what to be done and what to assume from the changes. For solving the issues related to the trends, HRM wants to offer skill exercise to its workers. Conclusion It has been found from the above report that absenteeism can be considered as when an individual is not presently available at a particular place and on a particular time in any organization. It does not include any authorized leave or any annual leave. The absence of employee occurs when an individual is not present in the workplace either authorized or not. The study also addresses that people play a vital role in the occupation of the association. The members of the organizations must be coerced, persuaded or enforced to participate in it. People usually contribute in a corporation of they are going to gain something out of them. Individuals tend to recognize themselves with the association in which they partake. There is always a very close affinity between the peoples encouragement on the one side and their proof of identity with the organization on the other. It has also been outline in the study that NIE could try to change the employee behavior through the wellness programs. There is a strong affiliation in the middle of the wellness programs of the workforces and the production. It is found that high efficacy establishments with great wellness initiatives experienced lesser unplanned absences. References Al Ariss, A. and Sidani, Y. (2016). Comparative international human resource management: Future research directions. Human Resource Management Review, 26(4), pp.352-358. Boxall, P. and Purcell, J. (2011).Strategy and human resource management. 1st ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Brown, J. (2011).The complete guide to recruitment. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page. Casale, G. (2011).The employment relationship. 1st ed. Oxford: Hart Pub. Compton, R., Morrissey, W. and Nankervis, A. (2009).Effective recruitment selection practices. 1st ed. North Ryde, N.S.W.: CCH Australia. Deadrick, D. and Stone, D. (2014). Human resource management: Past, present, and future.Human Resource Management Review, 24(3), pp.193-195. Employment relationship. (2011). 1st ed. Petaling Jaya, Selangor: Persekutuan Majikan-Majikan Malaysia. Falcone, P. (2010).101 sample write-ups for documenting employee performance problems. 1st ed. New York: American Management Association/Society for Human Resource Management. GAUDINE, A., SAKS, A., DAWE, D. and BEATON, M. (2011). Effects of absenteeism feedback and goal-setting interventions on nurses fairness perceptions, discomfort feelings and absenteeism. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(3), pp.591-602. Grg, M. (2016). Market positions as perceived by project-based organisations in the typical project business segment. International Journal of Project Management, 34(2), pp.187-201. Grtz, M. and Andersson, E. (2013). CHILD-TO-TEACHER RATIO AND DAY CARE TEACHER SICKNESS ABSENTEEISM. Health Economics, 23(12), pp.1430-1442. Guest, D. (2011). Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers.Human Resource Management Journal, 21(1), pp.3-13. Houghton, N. (2014). The roles to be played by the international community. Peacebuilding, 2(2), pp.233-235. Katou, A. (2011). A mediation model linking business strategies, human resource management, psychological contract, and organisational performance. International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, 11(1), p.51. K, R. (2010).Recruitment management. 1st ed. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Kirkpatrick, D. and Kirkpatrick, D. (2006).Improving employee performance through appraisal and coaching. 1st ed. New York: American Management Association. Kramar, R. (2013). Beyond strategic human resource management: is sustainable human resource management the next approach?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(8), pp.1069-1089. Lu, W., Wilczynska, A., Smith, E. and Bushell, M. (2014). The diverse roles of the eIF4A family: you are the company you keep. Biochemical Society Transactions, 42(1), pp.166-172. MacLean, A. (2008). The management of absence: why it matters. Library Management, 29(4/5), pp.392-413. Mondy, R., Noe, R. and Gowan, M. (2005).Human resource management. 1st ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Mondy, R., Noe, R. and Premeaux, S. (2002).Human resource management. 1st ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Noe, R. (2006).Human resource management. 1st ed. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill. Ocansey, F. (2016). Training the Employee for Improved Performance: the Mediating Role of Employee Performance Appraisal.TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, 2(2), pp.111-118. Part Four: Individual Employment Relationship. (2013).International Labour Law Reports Online, 31(1), pp.165-320. Perrew, P. (2011). The role of personality in human resource management.Human Resource Management Review, 21(4), p.257. 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Paddy Clarke Essays (1181 words) - Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha

Paddy Clarke The novel Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha has no authorial presence at all, yet the reader gains a richer understanding of the situation than Paddy ? or any other 10-year old ? could ever have. With regard to the parent's break up, how does Doyle achieve this? There are many factors which suggest how Doyle has succeeded in creating a 'triangular relationship' between himself the reader and the narrator ? Paddy Clarke ? so that the reader has a greater awareness of the predicament that Paddy is in. Doyle's achievement is how he alternates the poetic and realistic without once lapsing into stream-of-self-consciousness; the only way we - as readers can tell it's written by an adult, is by the spelling. We see the violence in Paddy's life peripherally; Doyle tells us nothing more than what the child sees and comprehends. One of the reasons for Roddy Doyle's success lies in creating a realistic and convincing character for a 10-year old child. He does this by his clever use of language, and also in how he arranges his sentences to convey deep emotion and feeling than any emotive language could: "He'd hit her. Across the face; smack. I tried to imagine it. It didn't make sense. I'd heard it; he'd hit her. She'd come out of the kitchen, straight up to their bedroom. Across the face." ? P190 In this instance, Doyle has used short and evident sentences, to invoke a feeling of awe and confusion. The short sentences represent how Paddy is dumbstruck and lost for words, shocked by what he's heard ? this is also highlighted when he says here; "I tried to imagine it. It didn't make sense." Here, he also emphatically uses onomatopoeia ? "smack," ? which adds to the sense of fearful respect and also Paddy's child-like interpretation of events. Repetition is used here ? "Across the face" ? heading his oft-repeated amazement. Another example of how Doyle uses repetition can be seen on pages 153 and 154: "I waited for them to say something different, wanting it - ......Only now, all I could do was listen and wish. I didn't pray; there were no prayers for this.... But I rocked the same way as I did when I was saying prayers....I rocked - Stop stop stop stop ? ." Doyle uses repetition to show Paddy's anxiety, when he repeats ?stop'. Here, Paddy is mentally commanding his parents to stop in desperation, as he thought he had done on page 42: " - Stop. There was a gap. It had worked; I'd forced them to stop." He believes that he has the power to make his parents stop arguing, as shown on page 42, but realisation dawns when he repeatedly tells them to stop on page 154, and it doesn't work. This reflects on the fact that Paddy Clarke is a child, and his inability to restrain his emotions is a facet of his youth showing through. Another childish aspect throughout the book is how Paddy ? like other children at that age would ? spouts offhand irrelevant knowledge that's he's picked up from class or elsewhere: "Snails and slugs were gastropods; they had stomach feet.... The real name for soccer was association football. Association football was played with a round ball on a rectangular pitch by two sides of eleven people...... Geronimo was the last of the renegade Apaches...... I learned this by heart. I liked it." Readers can relate to this, as we can all remember when we'd learnt something that we'd found particularly fascinating at school or the library, and recited it all the time, thinking we were clever. Another reason why the reader of Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha has a higher understanding than is simply because the adult audience has more experience in family issues ? from our own experiences. We can see the violence in his life superficially; we are told nothing more than what the child sees and comprehends. A good example of this can be found on page 95: "Ma said something to Da. I didn't hear it.... I looked at ma again. She was still looking at Da. Catherine had one of Ma's fingers in her mouth and she was biting real hard ? she had a few teeth ? but Ma didn't do anything about it." Here, Paddy has given us an insight to the emotional turmoil that exists in the family, but Doyle ? again ? has not used any emotional adjectives to show this. We can interpret what